1800s

Events and trends

Technology

• Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801.
• Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter.
• Flag semaphore is gradually adopted by various navies of the world.
• Morphine is isolated from opium for the first time in 1804.
• Nicolas François Appert develops a method to preserve food by means of canning.
• John Dalton publishes his atomic theory 1803.

Astronomy

• The first known asteroids are discovered in this decade:
  • Ceres (1801-01-02). Ceres is reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
  • Pallas (1802-03-28)
  • Juno (1804-09-01)
  • Vesta (1807-03-29)

War, peace and politics

• End of the Quasi-War (1800).
• The First Barbary War (1801–1805) is fought between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa.
• The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
• In 1803, the US acquired the Louisiana Territories from France.
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) is fought between the Maratha Peshwa on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy Sindhia,Bhonsle and Holkar on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.
• Haiti gains independence from France on 1804-01-01, becoming the first black republic.
• The Fulani War (1804–1810) is fought in present day Nigeria and Cameroon.
• The First Serbian Uprising (1804−1813) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state.
• The War of 1812
• End of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802).
• Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
• Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

World leaders

• Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
• Emperor Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)
• Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
• Pope Pius VII
• Tsar Paul I (Russia)
• Tsar Alexander I (Russia)
• King Charles IV (Spain)
• King Gustavus IV Adolphus (Sweden)
• King Charles XIII (Sweden)
• King George III, (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• President John Adams (United States)
• President Thomas Jefferson (United States)
• Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
• Jiaqing Emperor of China (Qing Dynasty)
• Mughal Empire
• Shah Alam II 1759-1806
• Akbar II 1806-1837
• Baji Rao II(Peshwa of the Marathas)
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab) 1801-1839als:1800er

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