Bloemfontein

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Coordinates: 29°06′S 26°13′E / -29.1, 26.217
Bloemfontein (Sotho) Mangaung
Image:Bloemfontein01.jpg Parliament building in Bloemfontein
Nickname: The city of roses
Image:SouthAfrica-location.png Image:Red pog2.svg Bloemfontein
Country	South Africa
Province	Free State
Officially founded	1846
Elevation	1,395 m (4,577 ft)
Population
- Total	369,568
Time zone	SAST (UTC+2)

Bloemfontein (pronounced /ˈbluːmfɒnteɪn/, Afrikaans and Dutch for "spring of Bloem (bloom)", "flower spring" or "fountain of flowers" is the capital city of the Free State Province of South Africa as well as one of the nation's three capitals being the judicial capital. The city's Sesotho name is Mangaung, meaning "place of cheetahs." Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as "the city of roses", owing to the abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there.

Although Bloemfontein has a reputation for its flowers in an otherwise arid region, the city's name is alleged by some^{[attribution needed]} to refer to Jan Bloem (1775-1858), a Korana Griqua leader whose people inhabited (and still inhabit) parts of the Free State and Northern Cape.

This theory is widely disputed, as the emerging Boer settlement would likely have avoided identifying the town with an indigenous group. The founding of the town also predates Bloem's death.

The city is situated on dry grassland at 29°06′S, 26°13′E, at an altitude of 1,395 metres above sea level. The city is home to 369,568 residents, while the Mangaung Local Municipality has a population of 645,455. Bloemfontein is served by Bloemfontein airport.

History

Though historically a predominantly Afrikaner settlement, Bloemfontein was officially founded in 1846 by British army major Henry Douglas Warden as a British outpost in the Transoranje region, at that stage occupied by various groups of peoples including Cape Colony Trek Boers, Griqua and Basotho. With colonial policy shifts the region changed into the Orange River Sovereignty (1848-1854) and eventually the Orange Free State Republic (1854-1902). From 1902-1910 it served as the capital of the Orange River Colony and since that time as the provincial capital of the Orange Free State (now Free State). In 1910 it became the Judicial Capital of South Africa.

Founding and early days

Warden originally chose the site largely because of its close proximity to the main route to Winburg, the spacious open country, and the absence of horse sickness.

1854-1898

Image:De Wet Statue Bloemfontein.jpg

The old Raadsaal in Bloemfontein, with the statue of Christiaan de Wet

As the capital of the Orange Free State Republic the growth and maturing of the Republic resulted in the growth of the town. Numerous public buildings that remain in use to day were constructed. This was largely facilitated by the excellent governance of the Republic (which acquired the term model republic) and the compensation from the British for the loss of the diamond rich Griqualand area.

A railway line was built in 1890 connecting Bloemfontein to Cape Town.

The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on January 3 1892, though his family left South Africa while he was still a child following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien (1896). He recorded that his earliest memories were of "a hot country".

Second Anglo-Boer War/South African War

In 1899, the city was the site of the Bloemfontein Conference, which failed to prevent the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War. The conference was a final attempt to avert a war between Britain and the Transvaal; with its failure the stage was set for the Anglo-Boer War.

The rail line from Cape Town proved to be critical to the British in occupying the city later.

On March 13, 1900, following the Battle of Paardeberg during the Anglo-Boer War, British forces captured the city and built a concentration camp nearby to house Boer women and children. The National Women's Memorial, on the outskirts of the city, pays homage to the 45,000 women and children (including up to 17,000 black people) who died in these camps.^{[citation needed]}

Recent history

Until 1994, the city was the sole judicial capital of South Africa. It remains the seat for the Supreme Court Of Appeal (formerly the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court) and is therefore generally regarded^{[attribution needed]} as the judicial capital. It is also an administrative centre with many private hospitals and educational institutions.

Geography and Climate

Bloemfontein is located in central South Africa on the southern edge of the Highveld at an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), bordering on the semi-arid region of the Karoo. The area is generally flat with occasional hills (koppies in Afrikaans) and the general vegetation is Highveld grassland. Bloemfontein experiences an oceanic climate^[disputed] with hot summer days (Jan: max:31°C min:15°C; frequent afternoon thunderstorms) and cooler, dry winters, often with frosts (July: max:17°C min:-2°C). Snow is rare but as recently as August 2006 it snowed in the city, with snowfalls occurring again at the airport on July 26th 2007.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
+ Climate Table
Highest recorded temperature (°C)	39	39	35	33	30	25	24	29	34	35	37	38	39
Highest recorded temperature (°F)	102	102	95	91	86	77	75	84	93	95	99	100	102
Average daily maximum temperature (°C)	31	29	27	23	20	17	17	20	24	26	28	30	24
Average daily maximum temperature (°F)	88	84	81	73	63	63	73	75	79	82	86	75
Average daily minimum temperature (°C)	15	15	12	8	3	-2	-2	1	5	9	12	14	8
Average daily minimum temperature (°F)	59	59	54	46	37	28	28	34	41	48	54	57	46
Lowest recorded temperature (°C)	6	4	1	-3	-9	-9	-10	-10	-7	-3	0	3	-10
Lowest recorded temperature (°F)	43	39	34	27	16	16	14	14	19	27	32	37	14
Average monthly precipitation (mm)	83	111	72	56	17	12	8	15	24	43	58	60	559
Average monthly precipitation (in)	3.3	4.4	2.8	2.2	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.7	2.3	2.4	22
Average number of rain days (>= 1 mm)	11	11	11	9	4	3	2	3	4	7	9	10	84
Source: South African Weather Service

Suburbs

Bloemfontein suburbs include Woodlandhills Wildlife Estate http://www.woodlandhills.co.za, Bayswater, Brandwag, Ehrlichpark, Fauna, Fichardtpark, Fleurdal, Gardeniapark, Generaal De Wet, Hospitaalpark, Kiepersol, Lourierpark, Park West, Pellissier, Uitsig, Universitas, Westdene, Wilgehof and Willows to the south of the city. To the north of Bloemfontein, you will find Langenhovenpark, Arboretum, Bayswater, Dan Pienaar, Helicon Heights, Heuwelsig, Hillsboro, Hillside, Hilton, Naval Hill, Navalsig, Noordhoek, Pentagon Park and Waverley.

Sports

Stadiums

The Free State Stadium and the surrounding sports complex is the main sports venue in the city and province. There are several other sports venues however in the city, including facilities belonging to the University, schools and sports clubs.

Vodacom Park also known as "Free State Stadium" will be the hosting stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa matches played in Bloemfontein.

Soccer

Image:South Africa-Bloemfontein-Free State Stadium01.jpg

Free State Stadium

Bloemfontein is joint home (together with nearby Botshabelo) to Premier Soccer League team Bloemfontein Celtic. Some of the matches of the Football World Cup 2010 will be played at the Free State Stadium.

Rugby

Bloemfontein's Free State Stadium is home to two rugby union teams; the Central Cheetahs franchise who compete in the Super 14 and the Free State Cheetahs who play in the domestic Currie Cup. The Free State Cheetahs won the Currie Cup in 2005 against the Blue Bulls, they drew the final with the Blue Bulls in 2006 and retained the Currie Cup title in 2007 by by winning the Golden Lions resulting in the Free State Cheetahs to be Currie Cup champions until at least 2008. For more information on Vodacom Free State Cheetahs visit http://www.fscheetahs.co.za & information on Super 14 Vodacom Cheetahs visit http://www.vodacomcheetahs.com

Cricket

The Gestetner Diamond Eagles representing the Free State and Northern Cape in various series is located at OUTsurance Oval, part of the Free State Stadium complex.

For more information on Gestetner Diamond Eagles visit http://www.eaglescricket.com

Soaring

One of the most active soaring communities in South Africa and the world is using the New Tempe Airport north of Bloemfontein.

Motor Sports

Bloemfontein has an excellent Motocross track run by the Bloemfontein Off Road Club.
There is also a kart circuit (M&F Raceway), which is ruled by Bloemfontein Kart Club.

Education

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Bloemfontein is the seat of University of the Free State as well as the Central University of Technology

Primary schools include:

There are also several high schools (secondary schools) in the city, these include:

Grey College Secondary School http://www.greycollege.com
Bloemfontein High School
CVO Skool Dankbaar in Bain's Vlei is a private Calvinist school, affiliated with the BCVO
Hoërskool Fichardtpark in Fichhardtpark
Technical High School Louis Botha,
Hoërskool Jim Fouché
Hoërskool Sand du Plessis - Hoërskool Sand du Plessis Forum
St. Andrew's School
St. Michael's School
Sentraal High School ([http://www.sentraal.co.za Hoërskool Sentraal

Recreational

Bloemfontein has an excellent Motocross track run by the Bloemfontein Off Road Club.

There is also a kart circuit (M&F Raceway), which is ruled by Bloemfontein Kart Club.

One can also enjoy a day or a sleep over at the Bloemfontein Zoo. Zoo Snoozes are only one of the activities arranged by Friends of the Bloemfontein Zoo.

Boyden Observatory, a unique astronomy research and educational centre outside the city, offers public open evenings on certain nights during the year, arranged by the Friends of Boyden Observatory. Groups can also visit the observatory for exclusive evenings on appointment.

Atop Naval Hill is the Franklin Game Reserve. It was named after John Franklin, South African Senator, attorney and Mayor of Bloemfontein in the 1930s.

Media

Famous Persons

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Zola Budd, international long distance athlete
J. R. R. Tolkien CBE was born in Bloemfontein on 3 January 1892. Tolkien is famous for his fantasy epics The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. When aged 3, Tolkien left South Africa for England.^{[citation needed]}
Shaun Morgan, musician
Hansie Cronje, controversial South African cricket captain
Juan Smith, rugby player
Os du Randt, rugby player
Allan Donald, South African cricketer
Ryk Neethling, Olympic gold medalist swimmer

Religion

Bloemfontein has a large and diverse Christian population. The city houses several churches and denominations:

It is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of the Free State
Afrikaans Baptist Church (Afrikaans: Afrikaanse Baptiste Kerk)
Dutch Reformed Church (Afrikaans: Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk)
Sacred Heart Cathedral in Bloemfontein is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bloemfontein

Local Governance

Bloemfontein forms part of the Manguang Local Municipality and the Motheo District Municipality

Community Service Organizations

Round Table 25 Bloemfontein Round Table is a non-political, non-racial association of young men between the ages of 18 and 40, embracing representatives of nearly every profession and occupation. Its objects are the encouragement of high ethical standards, the promotion of social inter-action and fellowship among young professional and business men and the quickening of individual interest in everything affecting the public welfare.

Round Table 158 Bloemfontein The first Round Table was formed in Norwich, England in 1927. The founder, Louis Marchesi, was a young member of Norwich Rotary Club who felt a need existed for a club where the young business men of the town could gather on a regular basis. At their meetings they could exchange ideas, learn from the experiences of their colleagues and play a collective part in the civic life of Norwich. From a very early stage it was agreed that Round Table would be a non-religious, non-political club and this has continued to this day.