Bronisław Malinowski
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Categories: Articles lacking in-text citations | 1884 births | 1942 deaths | Academics of the London School of Economics | Alumni of the London School of Economics | Polish anthropologists | Polish-Americans | British people of Polish descent | Cornell University faculty | Anthropologists of religion | Immigrants to the United Kingdom | Functionalism | Ethnologists
Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (IPA: [ˌmæləˈnɔfski, ˌmæləˈnɒfski]; April 7, 1884 – May 16, 1942) was an anthropologist born in Austria-Hungary in a region now part of the country of Poland and is widely considered to be one of the most important anthropologists of the twentieth century because of his pioneering work on ethnographic fieldwork, with which he also gave a major contribution to the study of Melanesia, and the study of reciprocity.
BiographyMalinowski was born in Kraków, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Poland), to an upper-middle class family. His father was a professor and his mother the daughter of a land-owning family. As a child, he was frail, often suffering from ill-health, yet he excelled academically. He received a doctorate in philosophy from Jagiellonian University in 1908, where he focused on mathematics and physical sciences. He spent the next two years at Leipzig University, where he was influenced by Wilhelm Wundt and his theories of folk psychology. These then led Malinowski on to develop an interest in anthropology. At the time, James Frazer and other British authors were amongst the best-known anthropologists, so Malinowski traveled to England to study at the London School of Economics in 1910. In 1914, he traveled to Papua (in what would later become Papua New Guinea), where he conducted fieldwork at Mailu and then, more famously, in the Trobriand Islands. On his most famous trip to the area, he became stranded. The First World War had broken out, and, as a Pole from Austria-Hungary in a British controlled area, Australian authorities gave him two options, to be exiled to the Trobriand islands or face internment for the duration of the war. Malinowski chose the Trobriand islands. After a period in which he actively avoided contact with the native Trobrainders, who he considered to be "savages", Malinowski finally decided, out of loneliness, to participate in their society. After he did so, Malinowski learned the local language, formed close friendships with the people and is even rumoured to have fallen in love with one of the islanders. It was during this period that he conducted his fieldwork on Kula and produced his theories of Participant observation, which are now key to anthropological methodology. It is widely recognised that without the outbreak of war and his subsequent isolation Malinowski would never have produced this and never laid the foundations for what is modern anthropology. By 1922, Malinowski had earned a doctorate of science in anthropology and was teaching at the London School of Economics. In that year his book Argonauts of the Western Pacific was published. The book was universally regarded as a masterpiece, and Malinowski became one of the best known anthropologists in the world. For the next three decades, Malinowski would establish the LSE as one of Britain's greatest centers of anthropology. He would train many students, including students from Britain's colonies who would go on to become important figures in their home countries. Malinowski taught intermittently in the United States, and when World War II broke out during one of these trips he remained in the country, taking up a position at Yale University, where he remained until his death. Ideas and achievementsMalinowski is renowned as one of anthropology's most skilled ethnographers. He is often referred to as the first researcher to bring anthropology "off the verandah" (also the name of a documentary about his work), that is, experiencing the everyday life of his subjects along with them. Most previous anthropologists had conducted fieldwork through structured interviews and did not mix with their research subjects in day-to-day life. Malinowski emphasised the importance of detailed participant observation and argued that anthropologists must have daily contact with their informants if they were to adequately record the "imponderabilia of everyday life" that were so important to understanding a different culture. He stated that the goal of the cultural anthropologist, or ethnographer, is:
However, in reference to the Kula, Malinowski also stated, in the same edition, pp.83-84:
In these two passages, Malinowski anticipated the distinction between description and analysis and between the views of actors and analysts. This distinction continues to inform anthropological method and theory. His study of Kula was also vital to the development of an anthropological theory of reciprocity, and his material from the Trobriands was extensively discussed in Marcel Mauss's seminal essay The Gift. Malinowski also originated the school of social anthropology known as functionalism. In contrast to Radcliffe-Brown's structural functionalism, Malinowski argued that culture functioned to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole. He reasoned that when the needs of individuals are met, who comprise society, then the needs of society are met. To Malinowski, the feelings of people, their motives, were crucial knowledge to understand the way their society functioned:
Apart from fieldwork, Malinowski also challenged common western views such as Freud's Oedipus complex and their claim for universality. He initiated a cross-cultural approach in Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927) where he demonstrated that the complex was not universal. Many non-western societies are living proof that psychological processes previously proposed to be human universals are actually products of a particular time and culture. University positions
See alsoBibliography Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Sources and further reading
External links
cs:Bronisław Malinowski da:Bronisław Malinowski de:Bronisław Malinowski el:Μπρόνισλαβ Μαλινόβσκι es:Bronisław Malinowski eo:Bronisław Malinowski eu:Bronislaw Malinowski fr:Bronisław Malinowski fy:Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski id:Bronisław Malinowski is:Bronisław Malinowski it:Bronisław Malinowski he:ברוניסלב מלינובסקי lv:Broņislavs Maļinovskis lt:Bronisław Malinowski hu:Bronisław Malinowski nl:Bronisław Malinowski ja:ブロニスワフ・マリノフスキ no:Bronislaw Malinowski pl:Bronisław Malinowski (antropolog) pt:Bronisław Malinowski ro:Bronisław Malinowski sk:Bronisław Malinowski sr:Бронислав Малиновски sv:Bronisław Malinowski | ||||||||||||||||
