Queen regnant
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Image:Cleopatra Bust.jpg
Cleopatra VII of Egypt is one of the most well-known queens regnant
Image:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, a queen regnant of a modern parliamentary monarchy
A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant") is qualifying reference to a female monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal powers of a ruler, in contrast with a "queen consort", who is the wife of a reigning king as monarch, and in and of herself has no official powers of state. The term is redundant in cultures or countries where a queen always ruled as the monarch when bearing the title queen or where the wife of a king bore another title than queen, when having no official powers. Technically, a king also may be a "king regnant" or a "king consort"—but this distinction is unusual and, for example, has been used only twice in the history of the British and its predecessor monarchies. In all current monarchies that allow for a queen to take the Throne, the husband of such a queen is not titled king, generally ranking as a prince. The husband of Mary I of England and Ireland and the second husband of Mary I, Queen of Scots were both created kings consort of their wives' realms. The husband of Mary II, Queen of England and Ireland, and Queen of Scots, was named king regnant co-sovereign with her, as William III of England, II of Scots, and I of Ireland—but this was the only occasion of co-sovereignty in Britain, at least officially. Thereafter, the husbands of queens regnant in Britain have been informally styled princes consort (the formal title Prince Consort, however, having been granted only to Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria). Accession of a regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession (to queendoms, kingdoms, tribal chiefships, etc.) include nomination (the sitting monarch or a council names an heir), primogeniture (children of a monarch or chief, in order of birth, eldest to youngest), and ultimogeniture (children in order of birth, youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be matrilineal, patrilineal, or both; or, rarely (usually only when necessary), open to general election. Right of succession by gender may be open to men and women, limited to men only, or limited to women only. The most typical succession in European monarchies from the Late Middle Ages through to the twentieth century was male-preference primogeniture; i.e., the order of succession cycled through the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed then by the daughters. Many realms historically forbade succession by women or through a female line, however, in obedience to the Salic law; and some still do. No Queen Regnant ever ruled France, for example, nor, the Holy Roman Empire if one excepts Maria Theresa, who held the title of, HIM The Holy Roman Empress and was the de facto ruler. The Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan is currently barred to women, although historically, this has not always been the case. In the waning days of the twentieth century, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands amended their acts of succession to primogeniture with no preference as to sex. In some cases, the change does not take effect until the generation following the current generations in existence - to avoid dispossessing people who were already in the succession in a particular position. Partial list of queens regnant
Although many ancient ruling queens and unknown queens of cultures poorly recorded or undocumented upon discovery (such as all of the queens in Africa, Micronesia, Oceania, Polynesia, etc.), are omitted, the following is a list of such queens who are known popularly. Aceh
AmerindiansThe names of queens who ruled some of the native American Indian nations were never recorded by Europeans who first encountered them, not understanding the structure of their societies and seeking to deal with male representatives presumed to be the rulers. Austria, Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary
Central Asia and Persian Empire
ChinaThere has been only one Empress regnant in Chinese history, Wu Zetian, but there have been many powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers, some of whom effectively "ruled". The powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers were de facto rulers, but not de jure Empress regnants. A concubine who gave birth to the crown prince could also become empress dowager, though her status was still a little lower than an empress dowager who had been the former empress consort.
Denmark
EgyptAncientImage:Ah hotep.jpg
Ahhotep I
Ptolemaic
Islamic
Ethiopia
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Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore 1811-1815
Hawaii
Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia
India
Japan
Judea
Korea
MadagascarMongoliaThe Netherlands
Nubia
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Spain/Castile
Sweden
UK / Commonwealth / England / Great Britain / Scotland
Viet Nam
See alsoExternal linksko:여왕 la:Regina lv:Karaliene cr:ᒋᐦᒋᐅᒋᒫᔅᐧᑫᐤ ja:統治女王 qu:Quya th:สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถ vi:Nữ hoàng |
