Empty product

In mathematics, an empty product, or nullary product, is the result of multiplying no numbers. Its numerical value is 1, the multiplicative identity, just as the empty sum—the result of adding no numbers—is zero, or the additive identity.^[1][2][3]

The empty product is used in discrete mathematics, algebra, the study of power series, and computer programs.

The term "empty product" is most often used in the above sense when discussing arithmetic operations. However, the term is sometimes employed when discussing set-theoretic intersections, categorical products, and products in computer programming; these are discussed below.

Nullary arithmetic product

Frequent examples

Two often-seen instances are Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a^0 = 1

(any number raised to the zeroth power is one) and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 0! = 1
(the factorial of zero is one).

More examples of the use of the empty product in mathematics may be found at the following pages: binomial theorem, factorial, fundamental theorem of arithmetic, birthday paradox, Stirling number, König's theorem, binomial type, difference operator, Pochhammer symbol, proof that e is irrational, prime factor, binomial series, multiset.

Intuitive justification

Imagine a calculator that can only multiply. It has an "ENTER" key and a "CLEAR" key. One would wish that, for example, if one presses "CLEAR", 7 "ENTER", 3 "ENTER", 4 "ENTER", then the display reads 84, because 7 × 3 × 4 = 84. More precisely, we specify:

• A number is displayed just after pressing "CLEAR";
• When a number is displayed and one enters another number, the product is displayed;
• Pressing "CLEAR" and entering a number results in the display of that number.

Then the starting value after pressing "CLEAR" has to be 1. After one has pressed "clear" and done nothing else, the number of factors one has entered is zero. Therefore the product of zero numbers is 1.

0 raised to the 0th power

For more information, see the section on Zero to the zero power in the article on exponentiation.

In set theory and combinatorics, the cardinal number n^m is the size of the set of functions from a set of size m into a set of size n. If m is positive and n is zero, then there are no such functions, because there are no elements in the latter set to map those of the former set into. This justifies the convention that 0^m = 0 when m is positive. However, if both sets are empty (size 0), then there is exactly one such mapping — the empty function. Thus 0⁰ = 1. The value of 0⁰ is discussed in more detail in the article on exponentiation.

Nullary intersection

For similar reasons, the intersection of an empty set of subsets of a set X is conventionally equal to X. See nullary intersection for more information.

Nullary Cartesian product

Consider the general definition of the Cartesian product:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \prod_{i \in I} X_i = \{ f : I \to \bigcup_{i \in I} X_i\ |\ \forall i\ f(i) \in X_i \}.

If I is empty, the only satisfying f is the empty function:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \prod \varnothing = \{ f_\varnothing: \varnothing \to \varnothing \}.

Thus, the cardinality of the Cartesian product of no sets is 1.

Under the perhaps more familiar n-tuple interpretation,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \prod \varnothing = \{ ( ) \},

that is, the singleton set containing the empty tuple. Note that in both representations the empty product has cardinality 1.

Nullary Cartesian product of functions

The empty Cartesian product of functions is again the empty function.

Nullary categorical product

In any category, the product of an empty family is a terminal object of that category. In the category of sets, for example, this is a singleton set, while in the category of groups, this is a trivial group with one element.

Dually, the coproduct of an empty family is an initial object. Nullary categorical products or coproducts may not exist in a given category; e.g. in the category of fields, neither exists.

In computer programming

Most programming languages do not permit the direct expression of the empty product, because multiplication is taken to be an infix operator and therefore a binary operator. (A programmer may, of course, implement it.) Languages implementing variadic functions are the exception. For example, the fully parenthesized prefix notation of Lisp languages gives rise to a natural notation for nullary functions:

(* 2 2 2)   ; evaluates to 8
(* 2 2)     ; evaluates to 4
(* 2)       ; evaluates to 2
(*)         ; evaluates to 1

Many^{[citation needed]} programming languages with infix multiplication also offer a generalized multiplication function, often called product, which can be applied to a list of numbers. Such functions return 1 when applied to an empty list.

References

1. ^ Jaroslav Nešetřil, Jiří Matoušek (1998). Invitation to Discrete Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 12. ISBN 0-198-50207-9. 
2. ^ A.E. Ingham and R C Vaughan (1990). The Distribution of Prime Numbers. Cambridge University Press, 1. ISBN 0-521-39789-8. 
3. ^ Serge Lang (2002). Algebra. Springer-Verlag, 9. ISBN 0-387-95385-X. 

See also

• Iterated binary operation

External links

• PlanetMath article on the empty product

This article incorporates material from Empty product on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the GFDL.fr:Produit vide sv:Tom produkt