F-35 Lightning II

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a single-seat, single-engine, stealth-capable military strike fighter, a multi-role aircraft that can perform close air support, tactical bombing, and air-to-air combat. The F-35 is descended from the X-35 of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Its development is being principally funded by the United States with the United Kingdom and other partner governments providing additional funding.^[3] It is being designed and built by an aerospace industry team led by Lockheed Martin with Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems as major partners.^[3] Demonstrator aircraft flew in 2000,^[4] with the production model first flying on 15 December 2006.^[5] The United States Air Force plans to acquire 1,763 aircraft to substantially replace its fleet of F-16 multirole fighters.^[6]

Development

JSF Program history

Main article: Joint Strike Fighter Program

Requirement

The JSF program was created to replace various aircraft while keeping development, production, and operating costs down. This was pursued by building three variants of one aircraft, sharing 80% of their parts:

• F-35A, conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant.
• F-35B, short-takeoff and vertical-landing (STOVL) variant.
• F-35C, carrier-based (CV) variant.

The F-35 is being designed to be the world's premier strike aircraft through 2040. It is intended that its air-to-air capability will be second only to that of the F-22 Raptor. Specifically the F-35’s requirements are that it be: four times more effective than legacy fighters in air-to-air combat, eight times more effective in air-to-ground battle combat, and three times more effective in reconnaissance and suppression of air defenses. These capabilities are to be achieved while still having significantly better range and a smaller logistical footprint than legacy aircraft.^[7]

Origins and selection

Boeing X-32 (left) and Lockheed Martin X-35 prior to down-select in 2001, where the X-35 was chosen.

The Joint Strike Fighter evolved out of several requirements for a common fighter to replace existing types. The actual JSF development contract was signed on 16 November 1996.

The contract for System Development and Demonstration (SDD) was awarded on 26 October 2001 to Lockheed Martin, whose X-35 beat the Boeing X-32. DoD officials and British Minister of Defence Procurement Lord Bach, said the X-35 consistently outperformed the X-32, although both met or exceeded requirements. The designation of the fighter as "F-35" came as a surprise to Lockheed, which had been referring to the aircraft in-house by the designation "F-24."^[8]

Naming

On 7 July 2006, the U.S. Air Force officially announced the name of the F-35: Lightning II,^[9] in honor of Lockheed's World War II-era twin-prop P-38 Lightning and the Cold War-era jet, the English Electric Lightning. English Electric's aircraft division was incorporated into BAC, a predecessor of F-35 partner BAE Systems. Other names previously listed as contenders were Kestrel, Phoenix, Piasa, Black Mamba and Spitfire II. Lightning II was also an early company name for the aircraft that became the F-22 Raptor.

International participation

While the United States is the primary customer and financial backer, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Australia and Turkey have contributed US$4.375 billion toward the development costs of the program.^[3] Total development costs are estimated at more than US$40 billion (underwritten largely by the United States), while the purchase of an estimated 2,400 planes is expected to cost an additional US$200 billion.^[10] The nine major partner nations plan to acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035,^[11] making the F-35 one of the most numerous jet fighters.

There are three levels of international participation. The levels generally reflect the financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. The United Kingdom is the sole "Level 1" partner, contributing US$2.5 billion, about 10% of the development costs^[12] under the 1995 Memorandum of Understanding that brought the UK into the project.^[13] Level 2 partners are Italy, which is contributing US$1 billion; and the Netherlands, US$800 million. Level 3 partners are Canada, US$440 million; Turkey, US$175 million; Australia, US$144 million; Norway, US$122 million; and Denmark, US$110 million. Israel and Singapore have joined as Security Cooperative Participants (SCP).^[14]

Some of the partner countries have wavered in their public commitment to the JSF program, hinting or warning that unless they receive more subcontracts or technology transfer, they will forsake JSF for the Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen, Dassault Rafale or simply upgrade their existing aircraft. Norway has several times threatened to put their support on hold unless substantial guarantees for an increased industrial share is provided. Despite this Norway has signed all the Memoranda of Understanding, including the latest one detailing the future production phase of the JSF program. They have, however, indicated that they will increase and strengthen their cooperation with both competitors of the JSF, the Typhoon and the Gripen.^[15]

United Kingdom

Main article: Joint Combat Aircraft

The United Kingdom plans to acquire 138 F-35s^[16] for the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

The UK became increasingly frustrated by a lack of US commitment to grant access to the technology that would allow the UK to maintain and upgrade its F-35s without US involvement. This is understood to relate mainly to the software for the aircraft. For five years, British officials sought an ITAR waiver to secure greater technology transfer. This request, which has the blessing of the Bush administration, was repeatedly blocked by US Representative Henry Hyde, who said that the UK needed to tighten its laws protecting against the unauthorized transfer of the most advanced US technology to third parties.^[17]

BAE Systems CEO Mike Turner complained that the US had denied his company access to the aircraft's source code. On 21 December 2005, an article in the Glasgow Herald quoted the chairman of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee as saying "the UK might have to consider whether to continue in the programme" if no access were granted.^[18] Lord Drayson, Minister for Defence Procurement, took a firmer stance during a March 2006 visit to Washington: "We do expect the software technology transfer to take place. But if it does not take place we will not be able to purchase these aircraft," and he said there was a 'Plan B' if the deal fell through.^[19] This may have been the development of a navalized Typhoon.^[20]

On 27 May 2006, President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that "Both governments agree that the UK will have the ability to successfully operate, upgrade, employ, and maintain the Joint Strike Fighter such that the UK retains operational sovereignty over the aircraft."^[21] Despite this, concerns were still expressed about the lack of technology transfer as late as December 2006. Nevertheless, on 12 December 2006, Lord Drayson signed an agreement which met the UK's demands for further participation, i.e., access to software source codes and operational sovereignty. The agreement allows "an unbroken British chain of command" for operation of the aircraft. Drayson said Britain would "not be required to have a US citizen in our own operational chain of command".^[22] Drayson also said, however, that Britain is still considering an unspecified "Plan B" alternative to buying the Joint Strike Fighter.

On 25 July 2007, the Ministry of Defence confirmed that they have placed orders for the two new aircraft carriers of the Queen Elizabeth Class, that will allow the purchase of the F-35B variant.^[23]

Italy

Italy plans to acquire 109 F-35As for the Italian Air Force, and 22 F-35Bs for the Marina Militare (Italian Navy) to be used on the STOVL aircraft carrier Cavour.^[24]

Netherlands

The Netherlands has plans to acquire 85 F-35As for the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The aircraft will replace an aging fleet of Lockheed Martin F-16AM. The Dutch government expects the costs to be €5.5 billion for the initial purchase and €9.1 billion for 30 years of service.^[25] On 19 November 2007, in the Dutch Parliament, the Secretary of Defence was questioned about the JSF delay, technical problems and rising costs.^[26] On 29 February 2008, the executive council of the Dutch government decided to go ahead with the purchase of 2 test aircraft.^[27]

Australia

In May 2005, the Australian government announced that it would delay its planned 2006 decision on buying the JSF to 2008, and thus past the term of the government of the day. Australia, like the UK, has insisted it must have access to all software needed to modify and repair aircraft. Analysis conducted by the Royal Australian Air Force has determined that the F-35 "is the most suitable aircraft for Australia's needs".^[28]

There has been debate in Australia over whether the F-35 is the most suitable aircraft for the RAAF. Some media reports, lobby groups and politicians have raised doubts that the aircraft will be ready in time to replace the RAAF's aging fleet of General Dynamics F-111 strike aircraft and F/A-18 Hornet fighters. Some critics say the more expensive F-22 or the Eurofighter may be better choices, both offering better range, dogfighting capability, and supercruise at a cost that may not be much more than the F-35^[29] – claims that as of July 2006 are being examined in a parliamentary inquiry.^[30]

In a statement released in early August 2006, then-Australian Defence Minister Dr. Brendan Nelson revealed that while the F-35 still had governmental support, Australia is starting to investigate other possible aircraft should the F-35 prove to be unfeasible.^[31] In October 2006 the deputy chief of the Air Force, Air Vice Marshal John Blackburn, publicly stated that the RAAF had ruled out the purchase of interim strike aircraft to cover any delays to the F-35 program and believed that the F-35 was suitable.^[32] However, on 6 March 2007, Dr. Nelson announced the Australian Government would purchase 24 F/A-18F Super Hornets from Boeing to fill the gap left by the retiring F-111 strike aircraft at a cost of potentially AU$6 billion.^[33] Nonetheless, Dr. Nelson continued to endorse Australia's purchase of the F-35. Speaking on Australian television in March 2007, Dr. Nelson stated that 5% of the capability of the F-35 is classified, claiming that, "that's the five percent that really counts."^[34]

On 13 December 2006, Minister Nelson signed the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development Memorandum of Understanding. This agreement provides the cooperative framework for the acquisition and support of the JSF over its life.^[35] Australia is expected to purchase 100 F-35As at a cost of approximately AU$16 billion.^[36]

However following the election of a Labor Party government in the 2007 federal election the new government ordered a review of the RAAF's fighter procurement plans, including the purchase of the F-35. This review will include an evaluation of the F-35, advanced derivatives of the MiG-29 and Su-35, as well as the F-22's suitability for Australia, with the Defence Minister stating that "I intend to pursue American politicians for access to the Raptor".^[37]

Turkey

On 12 July 2002, Turkey became the seventh international partner in the JSF Project, joining the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Denmark and Norway. On 25 January 2007, Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for involvement in F-35 production. Turkey is expected to order 100 F-35A "CTOL/Air Force versions" at a reported cost of $11 billion.^[38] It is reported that the aircraft will be produced under license in Turkey by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI).

A Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed between TAI and Northrop Grumman ISS (NGISS) International on 6 February 2007. With the LOI, TAI becomes the second source for the F-35 Lightning II center fuselage during the JSF Signing. The number of center fuselages to be produced by TAI will be determined depending on the number of F-35s Turkey will procure and the number of F-35s to be produced worldwide. The LOI represents a potential value in excess of $3 billion.^[39]

TAI of Turkey is one of the only two International Suppliers to Northrop Grumman Corporation (the other being Denmark). On 10 December, 2007 the Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. (TAI) was authorized by Northrop Grumman Corporation to commence fabricating subassemblies for the first two F-35 production aircraft. The subassemblies – composite components and aircraft access doors – will be used in the F-35 center fuselage, a major section of the aircraft being produced by Northrop Grumman, a principal member of the Lockheed Martin-led F-35 global industry team.^[40]

In February 2007, Northrop Grumman also signed a letter of intent with TAI to also make it a second source for producing F-35 center fuselages. Under that agreement, TAI will produce a "minimum" of 400 center fuselages starting during LRIP-2. Northrop Grumman currently produces all F-35 center fuselages at its F-35 assembly facility in Palmdale, Calif.

It is also anticipated that TAI after 2013 will also produce 100% of the F-35 under licence from Lockheed Martin Corporation, as was also the case with the F-16 Fighting Falcon program Peace Onyx I and II.

Turkey also intends to incorporate in the distant future several Turkish designed and manufactured electronic systems into the F-35 platform.

Canada

The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) is looking to replace its aging fleet of CF-18 Hornets by the 2020 time frame with much interest placed on the F-35. DND officials have stated the estimate for producing 80 units would cost $3.8 billion, though this figure does not include training, sustainment, and any follow on costs. Canada has until 2012 to decide on purchasing the F-35, though they have already invested $150 million in the JSF program.^[41]

Norway

Norway participates in the F-35 program as a Level 3 partner in the System Development and Demonstration phase with a view to enabling its industry to compete for industrial opportunities.^[42] Norwegian National Deputy Rune Fagerli, the country's sole representative on the Joint Strike Fighter program, told SPACE.com the Norwegian Royal Ministry of Defence has pledged $125 million in preparations to replace a fleet of F-16 jets that have about 12 years left of operation.

"By getting involved here, on the ground level, we can try and address the needs of Norway into this capable fighter early," said Fagerli, a colonel. In Norway, for example, the runways are slippery due to wet weather and traditional F-16 jets are equipped with drag chutes to slow them down.

An international method to aircraft development could also yield aircraft that fit well together during combat, when cooperating nations are flying over hostile territory. Norwegian pilots, Fagerli cited, currently fly F-16 missions over Afghanistan alongside Danish and Dutch aviators.^[43]

The F-35 is one of the three aircraft types being evaluated by the Norwegian Future Combat Aircraft Capability Project as a replacement for the F-16s currently in-service.^[44]

Security Cooperative Participants (SCP)

Israel

In 2003, Israel signed a letter of agreement, worth almost $20 million, to formally join the system development and demonstration (SDD) effort for the F-35 as a "security cooperation participant" (SCP).^[45] The Israeli Air Force (IAF) stated in 2006 that the F-35 is a key part of IAF's recapitalization plans, and that Israel intends to buy over 100 F-35A fighters at an estimated cost of over $5 billion to replace their F-16s over time.^[46] Israel was reinstated as a partner in the development of the F-35 on 31 July 2006, after Israeli participation was put on hold following the Chinese arms deal crisis.^[47]

On 3 September 2007 IDF Chief of General Staff Lt.-Gen. Gabi Ashkenazi announced the purchase of a squadron of F-35s which Israel will begin receiving in 2014. However, U.S. defense officials later agreed to allow Israel to receive the fighters as early as 2012.^[48] The price of each F-35 is expected to reach $50 million-$60m.^[49]

The Jerusalem Post reports the Pentagon has agreed to supply the F-35A Lightning II variant to Israel as early as 2012, instead of in 2014 or 2015. This would make Israel one of the first nations to receive the aircraft, and very possibly the first foreign nation. Previous objections to Israel’s installation of its own technology in the F-35 (as it has done with every US fighter it has received) were also reportedly overcome; at present, the only Israel technology in the standard version will be the JSF HMDS helmet mounted display system, designed in cooperation with Elbit Systems. Israel also asked to manufacture F-35 aircraft locally at a 1:2 ratio, but the reports did not indicate whether that request was granted.^[50]

The timing and technology agreements reportedly came in the wake of a Washington meeting between Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and may represent an attempt to deflect Israeli calls for an export version of the F-22A Raptor, which has more stealth and capability, and whose production line is currently scheduled to close in 2010.^{[51] [52]}

Potential exports

India

The F-35 is also a potential offer to the Indian Air Force as of July 2007. This has been interpreted as part of a tactic to sell the F-16 as a multi-role fighters to the IAF.^[53]

Design

The F-35 appears to be a smaller, slightly more conventional, one-engine sibling of the sleeker, two-engine F-22 Raptor, and indeed, drew elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the General Dynamics Model 200, a 1972 VTOL aircraft designed for the Sea Control Ship.^[54]

Lockheed teamed with the Yakovlev Design Bureau in the 1990s, which has led to some speculation about ties with the quite different Yakovlev Yak-141 "Freestyle".^[55]

Stealth technology makes the aircraft hard to detect as it approaches short-range tracking radar.

Some improvements over current-generation fighter aircraft are:

• Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology;
• Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and onboard sensors to increase the pilot's situational awareness and improve identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes;
• High speed data networking including IEEE-1394b^[56] and Fibre Channel.^[57]
  • Low life-cycle costs.^{[citation needed]}

  Cockpit

  The F-35 features a full-panel-width "panoramic cockpit display (PCD)", with dimensions of 20 by 50 centimeters (8 by 20 inches).^[58] A cockpit speech-recognition system (Direct Voice Input), improves the pilot's ability to operate the aircraft over the current-generation. The F-35 will be the first U.S. operational fixed-wing aircraft to use this system, although similar systems have been used in AV-8B and trialled in previous U.S. jets, particularly the F-16 VISTA.^[59] The system is integrated by Adacel Systems Inc with the speech recognition module supplied by SRI International^[60]

  Although helmet-mounted displays have already been integrated into some fourth-generation fighters such as the Swedish JAS 39 Gripen, the F-35 will be the first in which helmet-mounted displays replace a head-up display (HUD) altogether and this was also trialled in the F-16 VISTA.^[61]

  The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a right-hand side-stick and left-hand throttles.^[62], both of which are supplied by BAE Systems.

  Sensors

  Image:F-35 EOTS.jpeg

  EOTS under the nose of a mockup of the F-35.

  The main sensor on board the F-35 is its AN/APG-81 AESA-radar, designed by Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems.^[63] It is augmented by the Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) mounted under the nose of the aircraft, designed by Lockheed Martin and BAE.^[64] Further electro-optical sensors are distributed over the aircraft as part of the AN/AAS-37 system which acts as missile warning system and can aid in navigation and night operations.

  Thrust-to-weight ratio

  The F-35B variant was in danger of missing performance requirements because it weighed too much — reportedly, by 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) or 8 percent. In response, Lockheed Martin added engine thrust and shed more than a ton by thinning the aircraft's skin; shrinking the weapons bay and vertical tails; rerouting some thrust from the roll-post outlets to the main nozzle; and redesigning the wing-mate joint, portions of the electrical system, and the portion of the aircraft immediately behind the cockpit.^[65] Although designed to replace the F-16 which was conceived as a lightweight fighter, the F-35 will fly at a weight of 60,000 lb. That will make the F-35 heavier than any other single engine aircraft, including the F-105 Thunderchief which was also built around one pilot, one engine, and an internal weapons bay.^[66]

  Armament

  Image:F-35 weapons bay.jpeg

  Weapons bay on a mock-up of the F-35.

  The F-35 includes a GAU-22/A four-barrel 25 mm cannon.^[67] The Cannon will be mounted internally with 180 rounds in the F-35A and fitted as an external pod with 220 rounds in the F-35B and F-35C.^[68][69]

  Internally (current planned weapons for integration), up to four AIM-120 AMRAAM air-air missiles or two air-to-air and two air-to-ground weapons (up to two 2,000 lb bombs in A and C models; two 1,000 lb bombs in the B model) in the bomb bays.^[70] These could be AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-132 ASRAAM, the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) — up to 2,000 lb (910 kg), the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), Small Diameter Bombs (SDB) — a maximum of four in each bay, the Brimstone anti-armor missiles, Cluster Munitions (WCMD) and High Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM). The MBDA Meteor air-to-air missile is currently being adapted to fit internally in the missile spots and may be integrated into the F-35. The UK had originally planned to put up to four AIM-132 ASRAAM internally but this has been changed to carry 2 internal and 2 external ASRAAMs.^[71]

  At the expense of being more detectable by radar, many more missiles, bombs and fuel tanks can be attached on four wing pylons and two wingtip positions. The two wingtip pylons can only carry AIM-9X Sidewinders, while the AIM-120 AMRAAM, Storm Shadow, Joint Air to Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM) cruise missiles and 480 gallon fuel tanks can be carried in addition to the stores already integrated. An air-to-air load of eight AIM-120s and two AIM-9s is conceivable using internal and external weapons stations, as well as a configuration of six two thousand pound bombs, two AIM-120s and two AIM-9s.^[70] With its payload capability, the F-35 can carry more air to air and air to ground weapons than legacy fighters it is to replace as well as the F-22 Raptor.^[72]

  Manufacturing responsibilities

  Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor and performs aircraft final assembly, overall system integration, mission system, and provides forward fuselage, wings and flight controls system. Northrop Grumman provides Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, center fuselage, weapons bay, and arrestor gear. BAE Systems provides Aft fuselage and empennages, horizontal and vertical tails, crew life support and escape systems, Electronic warfare systems, fuel system, and Flight Control Software (FCS1). Alenia will perform final assembly for Italy and, according to an Alenia executive, assembly of all European aircraft with the exception of the UK's.^[73]

  Operational history

  Image:Sdd f35test 009.jpg

  The F-35A Lightning II's first flight on 15 December 2006

  Testing

  On 19 February 2006, the first F-35A (USAF version) was rolled out in Fort Worth, Texas. The aircraft underwent extensive ground testing at Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base in fall 2006. On 15 September 2006 the first engine run of the F135 afterburning turbofan was conducted in an airframe, with the tests completed on 18 September after a static run with full afterburner. The engine runs were the first time that the F-35 was completely functional on its own power systems.^[74] On 15 December 2006, the F-35 completed its maiden flight.

  On May 3, 2007, an electrical problem consisting of electrical arcing inside a hydraulic control box forced the aircraft to make an emergency landing.^[75] It was grounded until December 7th, when Test Pilot Jon Beesley flew a 55-minute test flight.^[75]

  A unique feature of the test program is the use of the so-called Lockheed CATBird avionic testbed, a highly modified Boeing 737-330, inside of which are racks holding all of F-35's avionics, as well as a complete F-35 cockpit.^[76]

  On Jan 31, 2008 at Fort Worth, Texas, Lt. Col. James "Flipper" Kromberg of the U.S. Air Force became the first military service pilot to evaluate the F-35 Lightning II, taking the aircraft through a series of manoeuvers on its 26th flight.

  Variants

  The F-35 is planned to be built in three different versions to suit the needs of its various users.

  F-35A

  The F-35A is the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant intended for the US Air Force and other air forces. It is the smallest, lightest F-35 version and is the only variant equipped with an internal cannon, the GAU-22/A. This 25 mm cannon, a development of the 20 mm M61 Vulcan is designed for increased effectiveness against ground targets. The GAU-22 is a version of the GAU-12 carried by the USMC's AV-8B Harrier II.

  The F-35A not only matches the F-16 in maneuverability, instantaneous and sustained high-g performance, but also outperforms it in stealth, payload, range on internal fuel, avionics, operational effectiveness, supportability and survivability.^{[citation needed]} It also has an internal laser designator and infrared sensors.

  It is primarily intended to replace the USAF's F-16 Fighting Falcons, beginning in 2013, and replace the A-10 Thunderbolt II starting in 2028.

  F-35B

  

  

  X-35B lift fan; the VTOL propulsion system is designed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc
  Image:Engine of F-35.jpg

  The F135 engine with lift fan, roll posts, and rear vectoring nozzle, as designed for the F-35B, at the Paris Air Show, 2007

  The F-35B is the short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variant aircraft. The F-35B is similar in size to the Air Force F-35A, trading fuel volume for vertical flight systems. Like the AV-8 Harrier II, guns will be carried in a ventral pod. Vertical flight is by far the riskiest, and in the end, a decisive factor in design.

  The F-35's main power plant is derived from Pratt & Whitney's F119 or GE Rolls Royce fighter team's F136, with the STOVL variant of the latter incorporating a Rolls-Royce Lift Fan module. Instead of lift engines, or rotating nozzles on the engine fan and exhaust like the Pegasus-powered Harrier, the F-35B uses a vectoring cruise nozzle in the tail, i.e. the rear exhaust turns to deflect thrust down, and an innovative shaft-driven Lift Fan, patented by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce.^[77] Somewhat like a turboprop built within the fuselage, engine shaft power is diverted forward via a clutch-and-bevel gearbox to a vertically mounted, contra-rotating lift fan located forward of the main engine in the center of the aircraft. Bypass air from the cruise engine turbofan exhausts through a pair of roll-post nozzles in the wings on either side of the fuselage, while the lift fan balances the vectoring cruise nozzle at the tail. This system is more similar to the Russian Yak-141 and German VJ 101D/E^[78] than previous STOVL designs, such as the Harrier with thrust vectoring.

  In effect, the F-35B power plant acts as a flow multiplier, much as a turbofan achieves efficiencies by moving unburned air at a lower velocity, and getting the same effect as the Harrier's huge, but supersonically impractical, main fan. Like lift engines, this added machinery is dead weight during flight, but increased lifting power increases takeoff payload by even more. The cool fan exhaust also reduces the harmful effects of hot, high-velocity air which can harm runway pavement or an aircraft carrier deck. Though potentially risky and complicated, it was made to work to the satisfaction of DOD officials.

  This variant is intended to replace the later derivatives of the Harrier Jump Jet, which was the world's first operational short takeoff, vertical landing fighter, ground attack aircraft. The RAF and Royal Navy will use this variant to replace the Harrier GR7/GR9s. The F-35B variant was unveiled at Lockheed's Fort Worth plant on 18 December 2007.^[79] The U.S. Marine Corps will use the F-35B to replace both its AV-8B Harrier II and F/A-18 Hornet fighters. The B variant is expected to be available beginning in 2012.

  F-35C

  The F-35C carrier variant will have a larger, folding wing and larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, and stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier landings. The larger wing area provides decreased landing speed, increased range and payload, with twice the range on internal fuel compared with the F/A-18C Hornet, achieving much the same goal as the heavier F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.

  The US Navy intends to buy 480 F-35Cs to replace the F/A-18A, -B, -C, and -D Hornets. It will also serve as a stealthier complement to the Super Hornet.^[80] On 27 June 2007, the carrier variant completed its Air System Critical Design Review (CDR). This allows the F-35C to go to Low Rate Initial Production.^[81]

  The C variant is expected to be available beginning in 2012.

  Specifications (F-35 Lightning II)

  

  

  The first of 15 pre-production F-35s
  Image:F-35 engine.jpg

  A Pratt and Whitney F135 engine undergoes altitude testing at the Arnold Engineering Development Center.
  Image:F35ctolstores.jpg

  F-35A and F-35C armament

  Data from F-35 Program brief^[82] F-35 JSF Statistics^[68]

  General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 50 ft 6 in (15.37 m)
  • Wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.65 m)
  • Height: 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m)
  • Wing area: 459.6 ft² (42.7 m²)
  • Empty weight: 29,000 lb A; 32,200 lb B; 32,100 lb C^[82] (13,200 kg A; 14,600 kg B; 14,600 kg C)
    • Loaded weight: 44,400 lb (20,100 kg)
    • Max takeoff weight: 60,000 lb (27,200 kg)
    • Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney F135 afterburning turbofan
      • Dry thrust: 25,000 lbf^[68] (111 kN)
        • • Thrust with afterburner: 40,000+ lbf^[68] (178+ kN)
            • Secondary Powerplant: 1× General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 afterburning turbofan, >40,000 lbf (178 kN) [in development]
            • Lift fan (STOVL): 1× Rolls-Royce Lift System driven from either F135 or F136 power plant, 18,000 lbf (80 kN)

            Performance

            • Maximum speed: Mach 1.6+^[68] (1,200 mph, 1,931 km/h)
              • Range: A: 1,200 nmi; B: 900 nm; C: 1400 nm^[68] (A: 2,200 km; B: 1,667 km; C: 2,593 km) on internal fuel
                • Combat radius: 600 nmi (690 mi, 1,110 km)
                • Rate of climb: classified (not publicly available)
                • Wing loading: 91.4 lb/ft² (446 kg/m²)
                • Thrust/weight:
                  
                  • With full fuel: A: 0.89; B: 0.92; C: 0.81^[68]
                    • • With 50% fuel: A: 1.12; B: 1.10; C: 1.01^[68] g-Limits^[83]
                        • F-35A: 9 g
                        • F-35B: 9 g
                        • F-35C: 9 g

                        Armament

                      • Guns: 1 × GAU-22/A 25 mm cannon — slated to be mounted internally with 180 rounds in the F-35A and fitted as an external pod with 220 rounds in the F-35B and F-35C.^[68]
                        • Hardpoints: 6 with a capacity of 15,000 lb (6,800 kg)^[68],
                          • Missiles: Internal: 4 air-air missiles or 2 air-air missiles and 2 air-surface weapons; External: 2 missiles and 4 missiles/bombs^[68][82]

                          Popular culture

                          The first major film appearance of a representation of a F-35B was in Live Free or Die Hard (released as Die Hard 4.0 or Die Hard 4 outside North America) in 2007. The film used a combination of a full-scale model and CGI^[84][85] to dramatize its hovering ability using the lift fan.

                          References

                          Notes

                          1. ^ F-35 First Flight, TeamJSF.com. Retrieved: 10 October 2007.
                          2. ^ "FY 2008/2009 Budget Estimates", p. 1-1, United States Air Force. February 2007.
                          3. ^ ^{a b c} F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II – International Partners, GlobalSecurity.org
                          4. ^ Lockheed Martin statement
                          5. ^ "F-35 Test Flight Deemed a Success", ABC News, 16 December 2006
                          6. ^ Air Forces Monthly, October 2007 edition.
                          7. ^ F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II, GlobalSecurity.org.
                          8. ^ Designation Systems
                          9. ^ "Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter Officially Named 'Lightning II.'" Official Joint Strike Fighter program office press release. 7 July 2006.
                          10. ^ Merle, Renae. "GAO Questions Cost Of Joint Strike Fighter." Washington Post, 15 March 2005. Retrieved: 15 July 2007.
                          11. ^ Estimated JSF Air Vehicle Procurement Quantities, JSF.mil, April 2007.
                          12. ^ JSF Global Partners. Retrieved: 30 March 2007.
                          13. ^ "US, UK sign JAST agreement." Aerospace Daily New York: McGraw-Hill, 25 November 1995. p. 451.
                          14. ^ Schnasi, Katherine V. "Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Observations on the Supplier Base." US Accounts Office. Retrieved: 8 February 2006.
                          15. ^ Defense Industry Daily. F-35 Lightning II Faces Continued Dogfights in Norway
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                          17. ^ "UK denied waiver on US arms technology." Financial Times. Retrieved: 11 October 2006.
                          18. ^ "UK Defence Committee Statement." UK Parliament. MoD 'slippage' set to leave forces with reduced capability, says committee. Retrieved: 8 February 2006.
                          19. ^ Chapman. Matt. "Britain warns US over jet software codes." vunet.com. Retrieved: 16 March 2006.
                          20. ^ Evidence to UK Defence Select Committee. Retrieved: 1 April 2006.
                          21. ^ "Bush gives way over stealth fighter." Financial Times. Retrieved: 27 May 2006.
                          22. ^ "Update 2 — UK signs memo with US on Joint Strike Fighter." Reuters, 12 December 2006. Retrieved: 13 December 2006.
                          23. ^ BBC News Online. "MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order." news.bbc.co.uk.
                          24. ^ "STOVL JSF future debated", Navy Times, 1 May 2007, Retrieved: 29 December 2007.
                          25. ^ "Stand van zaken september 2006, Monitoring verwerving Joint Strike Fighter", Algemene Rekenkamer, p. 22. 2006, October.
                          26. ^ F-35 JSF Hit by Serious Design Problems
                          27. ^ JSF is more expensive than expected
                          28. ^ Nelson, Brendan, The Hon. Dr. "Joint Strike Fighter." Press release.Minister for Defence, 1 February 2007. Retrieved: 1 February 2007.
                          29. ^ Air Power Australia web site Related discussions and analyses, although the F-22 is not for sale internationally.
                          30. ^ Inquiry into Australian Defence Force Regional Air Superiority, Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade, Australian Parliament
                          31. ^ "US decisions 'threaten' fighter project." The Age, 4 August 2006. Retrieved: 19 August 2006.
                          32. ^ Blenkin, Max. "RAAF 'won't need' interim jet.", News.com.au. Retrieved: 10 October 2006.
                          33. ^ "Australia to buy 24 F-18 Super Hornets from Boeing." Thanhnien News, 6 March 2007. Retrieved: 6 March 2007.
                          34. ^ Bartlett, Liam. "Transcript of '60 Minutes' broadcast 'Project Joint Strike Fighter'." Ninemsn, (18 March 2006). Retrieved: 18 March 2007.
                          35. ^ "Australia commits to F-35 strike fighter." The Age, 13 December 2006.
                          36. ^ Elliot, Geoff. "Troubled stealth fighter tackles first test flight." The Australian, 18 December 2006.
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                          38. ^ Turkey Signs F-35 Production MoU
                          39. ^ Turkish Aerospace Industries
                          40. ^ Defense World
                          41. ^ "Canada’s military eyeing futuristic fighter jets"
                          42. ^ http://www.lockheedmartin.com/europe/norway/index.html
                          43. ^ http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/jsf_fighter_020312.html
                          44. ^ Norway Ministry of Defence
                          45. ^ "Israel inks LOA to join Joint Strike Fighter program".
                          46. ^ "Israel Plans to Buy Over 100 F-35s." DefenseIndustryDaily.com, 27 June 2006.
                          47. ^ "Israel, US battling over sale of jets".
                          48. ^ US to speed up stealth fighter delivery to Israel, Jerusalem Post.
                          49. ^ IDF chief presents budget and procurement plan, Jerusalem Post.
                          50. ^ IAF interested in new US-made jet | Jerusalem Post
                          51. ^ $544M to Support Foreign Ships - Defense Industry Daily
                          52. ^ IAF interested in new US-made jet | Jerusalem Post
                          53. ^ "US wants India's fighter jet order, dangles F-35 carrot".
                          54. ^ "Vertiflight." Journal of the American Helicopter Society Jan. 2004.
                          55. ^ Hayles, John. "Yakovlev Yak-41 'Freestyle'". Aeroflight, 28 March 2005. Retrieved: 6 August 2006.
                          56. ^ Philips, E. H. "The Electric Jet." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 5 February 2007.
                          57. ^ Parker, Ian. "Reducing Risk on the Joint Strike Fighter." Avionics Magazine. Retrieved: 8 July 2007.
                          58. ^ The Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)
                          59. ^ "Researchers fine-tune F-35 pilot-aircraft speech system. af.mil, 10 October 2007.
                          60. ^ Technology News
                          61. ^ Jenkins, Jim. "Chief test pilot gives brief on F-35." dcmilitary.com, 2001. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
                          62. ^ F-35 JSF JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER, USA
                          63. ^ APG-81 (F-35 Lightning II) Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems. Retrieved: 4 August 2007.
                          64. ^ Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control: Joint Strike Fighter Electro-Optical Targeting System. Retrieved: 4 August 2007.
                          65. ^ Fulghum, David A. and Wall, Robert. "USAF Plans for Fighters Change." Aviation Week and Space Technology, 19 September 2004] Retrieved: 8 February 2006.
                          66. ^ Joint Strike Fighter = Thunderchief II?
                          67. ^ F-35 gun system, General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products.
                          68. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k}
                          69. ^ F-35 Stats
                          70. ^ ^{a b} F-35 Program Brief, USAF, 26 September 2006.
                          71. ^ "F-35 Lightning II News: ASRAAM Config Change For F-35", f-16.net, March 4, 2008.
                          72. ^ National Review
                          73. ^ Italy Wins JSF Final Assembly; U.K. Presses Maintenance, Support
                          74. ^ "Mighty F-35 Lightning 2 Engine Roars To Life." Lockheed Martin (news release), 22 September 2006.
                          75. ^ ^{a b} Defense Tech
                          76. ^ "Flying Test-Bed Power Switched On", F-35 JSF Flight Plan. Retrieved: 20 November 2006.
                          77. ^ Design News magazine's Engineer of the Year award goes to lift fan inventor at Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin press release 26 February 2004.
                          78. ^ Swivel nozzle VJ101D and VJ101E, S.27-29
                          79. ^ "First Short Takeoff/Vertical Landing Stealth Fighter Unveiled at Lockheed Martin." Marine Corps News, 18 December 2007. Retrieved: 18 December 2007.
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                          81. ^ F-35 Navy Version Undergoes Successful Design Review, Readies for Production Retrieved: 28 June 2007.
                          82. ^ ^{a b c} F-35 Program brief (PDF)
                          83. ^ F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Lightning II
                          84. ^ Gray, Simon. "One-Man Riot Squad." American Cinematographer Volume 88, issue 7, July 2007. p. 32.
                          85. ^ Douglas, Edward. "Bruce Willis Gets a Second Life!" comingsoon.net, 14 June 2007. Interview with Bruce Willis for Live Free or Die Hard Retrieved: 15 July 2007.

                          
                          

                          Bibliography

                          • Kopp, Carlo and Goon, Peter. "Joint Strike Fighter." Air Power Australia. Retrieved: 15 July 2007.
                          • Spick, Mike. The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. London: Salamander, 2002. ISBN 1-84065-384-12002.
                          • Winchester, Jim. "Lockheed Martin X-35/F-35 JSF." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. ISBN 1-84013-309-2.

                          See also

                          • Yakovlev Yak-141
                          • Fifth generation aircraft
                          • Future Offensive Air System
                          • Royal Navy in the 21st century
                            

                          Related development

                          • Lockheed Martin X-35
                          • F-22 Raptor
                            

                          Comparable aircraft

                          • Boeing X-32
                            

                          Related lists

                          • List of fighter aircraft
                          • List of active United States military aircraft
                            

                          Media

                          F-35 compilation.ogg X-35 flight, video of transition to VTOL configuration, hover, take off in STOVL configuration, in-flight re-fuelling, vertical hover and landing.

                          F-35 gun.ogg Test firing of F-35 gun.

                          F-35 verticle landing.ogg Vertical landing (video)

                          External links

                          

                          Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

                          F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
                          • Official JSF web site
                          • Official Team JSF industry web site
                          • F-35 - Royal Air Force
                          • US Navy Research, Development & Acquisition, F-35 page
                          • F-35 - Global Security
                          • F-35 profile and F-35 weapons carriage on Aerospaceweb.org
                          • F-35 JSF news articles
                          • TuAF F-35
                          • F-35B Roll out pictures
                          • F35 Article - Armed Forces

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                          F-1  • F-2  • F-3  • F-4  • F-5  • F-6  • F-7  • F-8  • F-9  • F-10  • F-11  • YF-12  • (F-13 not assigned)  • F-14  • F-15  • F-16  • YF-17  • F/A-18  • (F-19 not assigned)  • F-20  • F-21  • F-22  • YF-23  • (F-24 to F-34 not assigned)  • F-35 See also: F-19  • F-117

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