Act 39/1981, regulating the use of the flag[1].
- Royal Decree 441/1981, establishing the detailed technical specifications of the colours of the flag.
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La bandera de España está formada por tres franjas horizontales, roja, amarilla y roja, siendo la amarilla de doble anchura que cada una de las rojas.
Artículo 4 1 de la constitución española de 1978
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Translation:
The flag of Spain consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow strip being twice as wide as each red stripe.
Article 4.1 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
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The colours of the flag, as officially defined by the Spanish Royal Decree 441/1981 of February 27th[5], are:
| Scheme |
Red |
Yellow |
| CIELAB (H* in degrees, C*, L*) |
35.0, 70.0, 37.0 |
85.0, 95.0, 80.0 |
| CIE (x, y, Y) (Illuminant C) |
0.614, 0.320, 9.5 |
0.488, 0.469, 56.7 |
Flag protocol
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The flag can be flown vertically or horizontally from public buildings, private homes, businesses, ships, town squares, or during official ceremonies. While the flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, government offices in Spain and abroad must fly the flag on a 24-hour basis (during the night, it must be properly lit). The flags must conform to the legal standards, and cannot be soiled or damaged in any way.[1]
For mourning activities, the flag can be flown in either of the following ways. The first method, commonly known as half-staffing, is performed when the flag is hoisted to the top of the flagpole, then lowered to the pole's one-third position. The other method is to attach a black ribbon to a flag that is permanently affixed to a staff. The ribbon itself is ten centimetres wide and it is attached to the mast so that the ends of the ribbon reach the bottom of the flag. During the funeral ceremony, the flag may be used to cover the coffins of government officials, soldiers and persons designated by an act of the President; these flags are later folded and presented to the next of kin before internment[1].
When flying the Spanish flag with other flags, the following is the correct order of precedence: The national flag, flags of foreign states, the flag of the European Union, international NGOs, military and government standards, Autonomous communities flags, city flags and any others. When foreign flags are used alongside the Spanish flag, the flags are sorted according to their countries' names in the Spanish language. The only exception is when the congress or meeting held in Spain dictates a different language to be used for sorting. The flag of Europe has been hoisted since Spain became a member of the Union. While not mentioned by name in the law, the flag of NATO can be used in Spain, since it belongs to that organization as well[1].
When unfurled in the presence of other flags, the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent, honorable place, according to the relevant protocol[1].
Other flags
The national standard used by the Spanish Armed Forces is the same one used as civil flag, state flag and national ensign.
The Spanish naval jack (Bandera de Proa o de Tajamar) is only hoisted at the prow of all Navy ships when docked or anchored in foreign waters, from sunrise to sunset. In national waters it is hoisted on Sundays, festivities and in presence of a foreign warship as soon as it moors at the dock. The national flag is always hoisted at the stern, when sailing, and from sunrise to sunset, when docked[6]. It is a square flag (ratio 1:1) composed of 4 quarters[7]:
- First quarter, for Castile: Gules, a tower Or, masoned sable and ajouré azure;
- Second quarter, for León: Argent, a lion rampant gules (differing from the one on the national flag) crowned, langued and armed or;
- Third quarter, for Aragon: Or, four pallets gules;
- Fourth quarter, for Navarre: Gules, a cross, saltire and orle of chains linked together Or, a centre point vert;
Royal Standard of Spain
See also: Royal Standard of Spain
Some high ranking officials of the Spanish state have the right to display a personal flag representative of their status. The King of Spain (Spanish: Rey de España) uses a flag known as the Royal Standard of a dark blue square with the Coat of arms of the King in the center. It is usually hoisted at the King's official residence, the Palacio de la Zarzuela, others Spanish royal sites, present on it's official car, as small flags and has a military use.
Historical Flags
While not existing still in the Middle Ages the concept of National flag as we understand it at today, the true symbol of the nationality was constituted on the Royal Shield. It was frequent the use of other different flags, full of images and symbols, that represented all the values that the troops or the King defended.
Cross of Burgundy
See also: Cross of Burgundy Flag
It is one of the most important flags in the history of Spain. After the marriage of Joanna of Castile (Joanna the Mad), daughter of the Catholic monarchs, with Archduke of Austria and later Philip I of Castile (Philip the Handsome), it was introduced among the Spanish flags a piece that, although of foreign origin, would later become the Hispanic symbol by antonomasia, whatever the color of cloth where it will be embroidered would be (mainly white and yellow). It is more properly called "Cruz de San Andrés" (Saint Andrew's Cross)or, "Vane of Burgundy". This was the symbol of the Archduke. Since Emperor Charles I of Spain, the different armies used the flag with the Cross of Burgundy over different fields, first incorporated to the uniforms of the Archers of Burgundy and later to the rest of the army, painted on the dresses to distinguish themselves in combat. It soon appeared also on the flags that, up to present-day, wear the regiments of Spain.
Both, the Cross of Burgundy and the blazon of the Catholic Monarchs were the first European symbols to arrive to the New World.
Habsburg Spain
When the House of Habsburg took the Spanish throne by mid 16th century each military company had its own flag in which appeared usually the arms of its commander over the Cross of Burgundy. In order to represent the King, they used to have another one, the "Coronela", that was made of yellow silk (one of the colors of the Habsburg) with the embroidered imperial shield.
When Phillip II came to power, he ordered that, in addition to the flags of each company, each Tercio should have another one of yellow color with the Cross of Burgundy in red. The units of Cavalry took the same flags but of smaller size, called Banners.
However, at this time the concept of a national flag as understood nowadays did not exist, and so the true symbol of the nationality was represented by the Royal arms. It was frequent the use of other flags different from the mentioned ones, with various images or symbols. Some examples are the Flag of Santiago (Saint James the Great), the green one the own Emperor took during the conquest of Tunisia or the crimson one used by Hernán Cortés in Mexico.
Philip V and the new Bourbon dynasty
The arms of Bourbon-Anjou were added in 1700 when Philip V became king of Spain. He introduced various changes in the royal arms. The king's new arms were designed by the French heraldist Clairambault in November 1700. Philip V also changed the philosophy and the design of the flags of Spain. He was the first to give Spain a unified symbol of its own when putting on white fabric the Cross of Burgundy and a shield.[citation needed] It still was not a national flag, but a first "try", in line with similar attempts in other European nations.
The flags were organized in three groups:
- Standard or Royal flag: it continued being of crimson color, with the royal arms embroidered, the Golden Fleece and the necklace of the Order of the Holy Spirit.
- Military flag: the color was reduced to white with the Cross of Burgundy and the Royal arms.
- Pavilion of the Navy: again white, with the Royal arms.
The origins of the present ensign: Charles III
In 1760 Charles III modified the shield of the Royal arms, suppressing the necklace of the Holy Spirit, maintained the Golden Fleece and added two new quarters, corresponding to the House of Farnese (six blue lilies on gold) and Medici (blue disc with three lilies of gold and five red discs, all on gold).
The military flag or Coronela of Spanish regiments was, during the Bourbon years, the Cross of Burgundy with different additions in each military unit depending on their territorial origin, commander, etc.
When Charles III became King, he observed that most of the countries in Europe used pavilions in which predominated the white color, and, since they were frequently in war to each other, lamentable confusions took place in the sea, not being able to distinguish if the sighted ship were own or enemy until practically the last moment. for this reason, he ordered to its Minister of Navy to present several models of flags to him, having to be visible from great distances. The Minister selected twelve sketches which showed the king. Allegedly, the flag that was chosen as war ensign is the direct ancestor of the current flag (See flag #1). It was a triband red-yellow-red, of which the yellow band was twice the width of the red bands, a unique feature that distinguished the Spanish tribanded flag from other tribanded European flags. The flag chosen as civil ensign or for Merchant Marine use (See Flag #2), meanwhile, consisted of five stripes of yellow-red-yellow-red-yellow, in proportions 1:1:2:1:1.
The origin of the colors is a source of controversy. One of the popular theories is that this scheme is based on the heraldic schemes of the monarchs of Crown of Aragon. Others claim it was Naples flag adopted by Carlos III.
The First Spanish Republic
The First Spanish Republic started with the abdication on February 10 1873 of king Amadeo I, mostly as a consequence of the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, February 11, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. It lasted twenty-three months, between February 11 1873 and December 29 1874.
The First Republic had suppressed all the royal symbols of the shields, the crown and lily flowers, and although it was projected the adoption of a new tricolor, red, white and blue, this was finally not modified and the flag remained the same other than for the crown removal on top of the shield.
This period of the Republic lasted until Brigadier Martínez Campos pronounced for Alfonso in Sagunto on December 29 1874, and the rest of the army refused to act against him. The government collapsed, leading to the end of the republic and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy with the proclamation of Alfonso XII as king.
The Second Spanish Republic
On April 14, 1931 the Monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the Second Spanish Republic. The regime change was symbolized by a new tricolor flag, red, yellow and indigo, instead of the previous red and yellow bicolor, considered, at the time, monarchist. The purported aim of the new indigo strip was to represent Castile and Leon in the flag's colours, that was assuming that the existing red and yellow represented the territories of the former Crown of Aragon, something which has not been proved.
The Republican flag was officially adopted on April 27th, and officially given to the army on May 6th. Formed by three horizontal strips of the same width, red, yellow and indigo, with the shield adopted in 1868 by the provisional Government at the center (quarterly of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Navarre, Enté en point for Granada, stamped by a mural crown between the two Pillars of Hercules). Another newness was the smaller dimensions of this flag in its military version, of 1m x 1m.
Despite the emphasis given to the new flag as a symbol of the new regime, it must be noted that the bi-color flag was not the monarchic one, as demonstrated in Royal Decrees. When talking about it, it was described as "national flag", while there was a separate Royal Banner privative to the monarch whose colour, at the time of Isabella II of Spain was, curiously, indigo[8].
As for the addition of the indigo to represent Castile in the national flag, it has been noted that the Castilian banner was not of indigo colour, but crimson[9]. The existing confusion about the color of the Castilian banner was born in the XIX century, when one of the multiple clandestine societies that proliferated back then, took the name from "Comuneros" and adopted the color indigo like a symbol, without having any relation with the true Comuneros which, four centuries before, had hoisted the crimson banner in Villalar, Valladolid.
The Franco years
The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, when Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. The Republican regime had been defeated and Franco became the undisputed leader of Spain. He ruled Spain until his death on November 20, 1975.
At the conclusion of the war, and in spite of the army's reorganization, several sections of the army continued with their bi-color flags improvised in 1936, but since 1940 new ensigns began to be distributed, whose main newness consisted in that an eagle with new quarters was added to the shield, thus becoming the same one that adopted the Catholic Monarchs after the taking of Granada. In 1938 the Pillars of Hercules were placed outside the wings.
On July 26, 1945 the commander's ensigns were suppressed by decree, and October, 11 a detailed regulation of flags was published, that fixed the model of the bi-color flag in use, but defining better its details, emphasizing a greater style of the Saint John's eagle, until then somewhat dumpy.
Post Franco Interim period
From the death of Franco, in 1975, until 1977, the national flag continued with the 1945 regulation. On 21 January 1977 a new regulation was approved that differed from the previous one in the fact that the eagle had wings opened much more, ("pasmada" eagle), the Pillars of Hercules returned to be placed within the wings, and the tape with the motto UNA GRANDE LIBRE (ONE GREAT FREE) moved from the neck of the eagle and was located over it. Not many flags with these coat were made. Finally, and after the restoration of the House of Bourbon in the Spanish Throne, in the person of King Juan Carlos I, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 was published, whose article 42 in its section 12, says: "the Flag of Spain is formed by three strips horizontal, red, yellow and red, being the yellow of double width that each of the red ones".
The National flag of Spain finally received its present day coat in December 1981.
Trivia
- A flag oath called the 'jura de bandera' took place every year when Spanish youths ended their initial training phase of their military service. Any Spanish citizen could attend the ceremony and take part in the oath. Citizens are not otherwise sworn in to the flag.
- At some point during the 1990s an unofficial version of the Spanish flag sporting a Osborne's bull superimposed as some sort of "coat of arms" began appearing in football arenas. This usage has become increasingly popular and this flag is easily seen nowadays during sports events, football or others, which include a Spanish team, player or the Spanish national team itself.
- The flag of the Second Republic, with the indigo strip, is often seen in rallies organized by those closely associated to the Spanish Communists or Republicans such as anti-NATO demonstrations and other leftist causes. In this context, sporting this flag is often perceived, not only as expressing a Republican sentiment rejecting the Monarchy, but as a reaction against the Franco regime, even though the Francoist flag was a mere recovery of the historic design of the Spanish flag.
- A Spanish flag with a superimposed kicked football was used as the emblem of the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f
- ^ Spanish War Ensign, 1785-1931
- ^ "SÍMBOLOS DE ESPAÑA". Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales
- ^ http://www.constitucion.es/constitucion/lenguas/ingles.html#p2 Spanish Constitution (English)
- ^ Real Decreto 441/1981, de 27 de febrero, por el que se especifican técnicamente los colores de la Bandera de España, text of the Spanish Royal Decree 441/1981 of February 27th (published in the March 16th, 1981 issue of the Boletín Oficial del Estado) reproduced online at the official site (www.la-moncloa.es) of the Presidency of the Spanish government.
- ^ Real Decreto 1024/1984, de 23 de mayo, BOE del 30/05/1984. artículo 624 de las Reales Ordenanzas de la Armada
- ^ Real Decreto 1511/1977, Título I, Regla 6. Reglamento de Banderas y Estandartes, Guiones, Insignias y Distintivos
- ^ http://www.armada.mde.es/esp/CienciaCultura/HistoriayCulturaNaval/Bandera/isabelii.asp?SecAct=07607_03
- ^ PENDÓN REAL DE CASTILLA. Principios del siglo XVI
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