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Flemish (Vlaams in Dutch), as the general adjective relating to Flanders, can refer to the speech of the Flemings, inhabitants of Flanders, though for the Flemish Community,[1] Algemeen Nederlands (Common Dutch) is the official name of the standard language hence in English referred to as standard Dutch. 'Flemish' is the term for a limited group of non-standardised dialects; the widespread contemporary usage for 'Dutch as spoken in Belgium' (in particular the Flemish Region and Brussels-Capital), is not considered correct by linguists, since boundaries between relevant areas of distinct groups of historical dialects do not at all coincide with the national borders.[2][3]
Different linguistic meanings of Flemish
To the term Flemish, as a linguistic notion, several meanings can be given:
- The variants of standard Dutch as generally perceived from speakers or writers of 'Common Dutch' that are native to the Belgian regions Flanders or Brussels-Capital;
- The non-standardized dialects as spoken in the present region Flanders, often perceived as related;
- Note: for linguists however, these are part of three distinct groups:
- the dialects of the former duchy named Brabant which once covered the provinces North Brabant (the Netherlands), Antwerp and Flemish Brabant (present region Flanders), the Brussels-Capital region, and — historically because the original dialects have become (all but?) extinct — the now French-speaking province Walloon Brabant (present Wallonia, in Belgium),
- the dialects of the former county named Flanders, which once covered the provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders (present region Flanders), Zeelandic Flanders (province of Zeeland in the Netherlands), and French Flanders (départements Nord and Pas-de-Calais in France);[4]
- The nonstandardized dialects of the former county of Flanders (see here above), a proper usage of 'Flemish' to linguists;
- The nonstandardized dialects of the provinces of West Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders and French Flanders, as a whole called West Flemish by linguists, which are less influenced by Brabantian dialects than are the East Flemish dialects;
- A range of mixes of standard Dutch with non-standardized dialect as individuals may tend to speak outside the most formal and their most familiar local environments, or in a familiar local environment while addressing an audience; or as in particular younger people who may not master a dialect tend to speak in any but the more formal environments.
- Any combination of the above.
Depending on the definition used, Flemish shows more or less important differences with the standard Dutch as officially determined by the Nederlandse Taalunie. Some usages that are common in Belgium, but not in the Netherlands, are recognized as being interchangeably correct, and are therefore correct Dutch, while even in Flanders others are rejected as dialectisms.
More about Dutch, dialect groups and dialects
Native speakers can quickly distinguish spoken and even written variants of standard Dutch used by Flemish speakers from variants that are common in the Netherlands.[5] The differences in vocabulary however, are quite small. The Woordenlijst der Nederlandse taal, often referred to by its cover colour as the green bible of the Dutch language and published under the leadership of Guido Geerts at Van Dale, also known for the Van Dale dictionary standard work, had shown 1,500 typically 'Flemish' words... in a list of 110,000 different Dutch language terms, statistically proving Flemish and Dutch to be a single language. Thus in 1973 the Flemish Cultural Council, a predecessor of the Flemish Parliament, decided that in any law the term "Vlaamse taal", Flemish language, had to be replaced with "Nederlandse taal", Dutch language. On 9 September, 1980 the treaty regarding the Nederlandse Taalunie, Dutch-language Union between the Kingdoms of Belgium and of the Netherlands was signed.[6]
"Flemish dialects" as those of the present-day Flanders are often called by the layperson, do not form a unity: i.e. not all of the dialects are much more closely related to each other than to those spoken in the Netherlands. Instead there are several dialect groups, rather corresponding to the former territories of the feudal principalities Flanders, Brabant, and Limburg side by side from west to east. These were cut into northern and southern parts by separations of the Southern Netherlands and later Belgium. A few centuries of separate political life did generate quite some idiomatic differences in official language and various dialects, but linguists consider these isogloss bundles to be minor as to them, the dialects hardly underwent any grammatical changes and not significantly more even in vocabulary — a point of view that may lead laypeople to sometimes wonder whether linguists ever overheard a proper conversation in an authentic dialect. Indeed in the company of outsiders or non-locals, most dialect-speakers apart from Antverpians tend to 'clean up' their speech towards either a middle-of-the-road dialect, or often, starting several decades ago, a tussentaal ('in-between language') as a mix of dialect and standard Dutch is called.[7]
The use of local dialects has retained more vigor in Flanders than in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, local dialects have given way to standard Dutch over wide areas, particularly in the densely populated areas around Amsterdam and The Hague. While the local dialects persist, their everyday practical use has become much more limited than is the case with dialects in Flanders.[5][8]
Compared by the speech in the Netherlands, Flemish is notable in that nearly each hamlet or city has preserved its own unique dialect variant, so that a person's place of origin, down to the level of a city quarter, is apparent to people from the same region. This is so throughout the entire Flemish territory, except where communities have been newly founded or their uniqueness severely weakened by a strong foreign language influence or by influx from other dialectical areas. There has been some recent upheaval because the uniqueness and authenticity of many dialects is further endangered by standard Dutch in the media and in education. In school, children are prohibited from using dialectical vocabulary in their writing and dialectally distinctive pronunciation in classroom conversation, and sometimes even on the school playground. To counteract the decline, many areas have started archiving their dialects, special school programs have been started that teach children and adults to speak the local dialect, and promotional campaigns have encouraged the use of the dialects in art, literature, and music. The use of dialects appears to have gradually become popular again to the point of being a source of pride for each community.[5][8]
The dialect groups as they survived in Flanders have a distinct sound and rhythm. The remarkably tonal and notably slower speech of Limburgish people is for more westerly speakers traditional cause for mockery. Once a television station asked two politicians, one from Limburg, the other from West Flanders — where the fastest speech occurs — to comment on the subject, 'Which is better: slower or faster?'. The hilarious outcome was that the Limburger, who did speak notably slower and in a more musical way, made his point in less than four minutes, while the West Fleming needed over eight to make his. A similar observation is noticed between the, interruptionless speech of Dutch people in general, and the comparatively halting style of many Flemish speakers.
Ironically, the Flemish excel in their knowledge of standard Dutch to such extent that in the former TV show, "Tien voor Taal" (broadcast on both Flemish and Dutch public television from 1989 till 2005) their teams could beat their Dutch opponents two out of three times in the language quiz. The program still continues in the Netherlands.[9][10]
Classification
Flemish can be classified as followed:
See also
West-Flemish edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Keep in mind that this site does not discuss the Flemish language, but a dialectic form of West-Flanders which is not always understood by those in other provinces. Written Flemish is identical to Dutch; it just differs in use and speech.
References
Footnotes
- ^ Footnote: The Belgian institutional Flemish Community has specific powers, including regarding language, in the officially Dutch-speaking institutional Flemish Region and the bilingual enclave therein, the Brussels-Capital Region — though in the latter aimed at its minority of speakers of Dutch.
- ^ Matthias Hüning; Julian Dünser, Erzsebet Duro, Alexander Groh, Rainer Hawlik, Iris Hoheneder, Nina Kaulich, Pia Kremslehner, Erik-Jan Kuipers, Thomas Mayer, József Nyári, Katharina Pollatschek, Kurt Schreitl, Rossitza Todorowa, Ulrike Vogl, Erika Zimmermann (1996, last updated 2005-11-18). History of the Dutch Language. Retrieved on 2006-06-16.
- ^ Invicta Media (copyright holder) (2000-02-18). The Flemish language - "flamand". Retrieved on 2006-06-16.
- ^ Footnote: Zeelandic is seen as either belonging to West Flemish (together with most dialects in Zeeland's part called Zeelandic Flanders), or rather as the link between Hollandic and West Flemish. The dialects in an eastern part of Zeelandic Flanders are regarded as dialects of the East Flemish group. Dialects closely related to medieval West Flemish, had once also been spoken in the County of Hainaut which corresponded to parts of the province of Hainaut (Wallonia) and of the département Nord (France).
- ^ a b c Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland. Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden (Dutch). From: Hiligsmann, Ph.; Leijnse, E. (editors.) (2002). NVT-onderwijs en -onderzoek in Franstalig gebied, jg. 1. pp. 77-95. Vantilt, Nijmegen. Retrieved on 2007-09-05. “[translated] (...) can easily cause differences between the two communities of the Dutch language area. In the Netherlands, in particular in the Randstad, adaptions to the characteristics of Dutch will be made. In Flanders, standard Dutch is (so far still) the mother language of few, because that role is bestowed to the dialect.”
- ^ Nies, Paul, thesis; Prof. Dr. Dhoest, A., promotor; Prof. De Wachter, L., reporter (academical year 2004–2005). Van 'Hier spreekt men Nederlands' tot 'Tien voor taal' – De evolutie van de taalprogramma’s op de openbare omroep (pdf) (Dutch) p. 127–128. Department of Communications Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KUL). Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
- Footnote: The practical vocabulary of an educated native speaker comprises about 10–20,000 terms. If this shorter list of more readily used words may be assumed to comprise most of the 1,500 'Flemish' ones, still 90% of the northern and southern vocabulary is mutual.
- ^ Footnote: The official television stations in Flanders adhere to standard Dutch, while commercial ones defend their use of tussentaal. The latter is also known as verkavelingsvlaams, pejoratively referring to the mix of several dialects and standard language heard in newly built-up areas.
- ^ a b Stroop, J. P. A., University of Amsterdam (1990-10-15 – 1990-10-18, online October 1999). Towards the End of the Standard Language in the Netherlands. From: van Leuvensteijn, J. A.; Berns, J. B. (editors.) (1992). Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German, Norwegian Language Areas. Proceedings of the Colloquium 'Dialect and the Standard Language', Amsterdam, 15-18 October 1990. pp. 162-177. Univ. of A'dam, Amsterdam.. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
- ^ Boogert, Huib (1997-10-25). Wedstrijd voor taalfreaks in Kortrijk: Zuiderburen kunnen ons nog heel wat leren (Dutch). De Telegraaf, major newspaper in the Netherlands. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
- ^ Permentier, Luso (2003-03-01). Nieuwsbericht – Vlamingen winnen niet altijd (Dutch). Van Dale Lexicografie, publisher of authoritative works on Dutch language. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
General online sources
External links
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