Half-life

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This article is about the scientific and mathematical term. For other uses, see Half-life (disambiguation).

The half-life of a quantity whose value decreases with time is the interval required for the quantity to decay to half of its initial value. The concept originated in the study of radioactive decay which is subject to exponential decay but applies to all phenomena including those which are described by non-exponential decays.

The term half-life was coined in 1907, but it was always referred to as half-life period. It was not until the early 1950s that the word period was dropped from the name. ^[1]

Number of half-lives elapsed	Fraction remaining	As power of 2	As %
0	1/1	1/2⁰	100
1	1/2	1/2¹	50
2	1/4	1/2²	25
3	1/8	1/2³	12.5
4	1/16	1/2⁴	6.25
5	1/32	1/2⁵	3.125
6	1/64	1/2⁶	1.5625
7	1/128	1/2⁷	0.78125
...	...	...	...
Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): n	Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1/2^n	Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1/2^n	Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 100(1/2^n)

The table at right shows the reduction of the quantity in terms of the number of half-lives elapsed.

It can be shown that, for exponential decay, the half-life Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2}

obeys this relation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln (2)}{\lambda}

where

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \ln (2)

is the natural logarithm of 2 (approximately 0.693), and

λ is the decay constant, a positive constant used to describe the rate of exponential decay.

The half-life is related to the mean lifetime τ by the following relation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2} = \ln (2) \cdot \tau.

1 Examples
2 Decay by two or more processes
3 Simple Formula
4 Derivation
5 Experimental determination
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

[edit] Examples

Main article: Exponential decay--Applications and examples

The constant Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda

can represent many different specific physical quantities, depending on what process is being described.

In an RC circuit or RL circuit, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda

is the reciprocal of the circuit's time constant.  For simple RC and RL circuits, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda
equals Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1/RC
or Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): R/L

, respectively.

In first-order chemical reactions, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda

is the reaction rate constant.

In radioactive decay, it describes the probability of decay per unit time: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): dN = \lambda N dt

, where dN is the number of nuclei decayed during the time dt, and N is the quantity of radioactive nuclei.

In biology (specifically pharmacokinetics), from MeSH: Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. Year introduced: 1974 (1971).

[edit] Decay by two or more processes

Some quantities decay by two processes simultaneously (see Decay by two or more processes). In a fashion similar to the previous section, we can calculate the new total half-life Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T_{1/2}

and we'll find it to be:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda _1 + \lambda _2} \,

or, in terms of the two half-lives Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_1

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_2

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T_{1/2} = \frac{t _1 t _2}{t _1 + t_2} \,

i.e., half their harmonic mean.

[edit] Simple Formula

m(t) mass left depending on time:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): m(t) = m(0) \cdot 0.5 ^ \frac{t}{t_{1/2}}\,

m(0) = initial mass
t = time passed
Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2} = half-life of the object.

[edit] Derivation

Quantities that are subject to exponential decay are commonly denoted by the symbol Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N . (This convention suggests a decaying number of discrete items. This interpretation is valid in many, but not all, cases of exponential decay.) If the quantity is denoted by the symbol Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N , the value of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N

at a time Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t
is given by the formula:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N(t) = N_0 e^{-\lambda t} \,

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N_0

is the initial value of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N
(at Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t = 0

When Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t = 0 , the exponential is equal to 1, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N(t)

is equal to Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N_0

. As Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t

approaches infinity, the exponential approaches zero.  In particular, there is a time Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2} \,
such that

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N(t_{1/2}) = N_0\cdot\frac{1}{2}.

Substituting into the formula above, we have

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): N_0\cdot\frac{1}{2} = N_0 e^{-\lambda t_{1/2}}, \,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): e^{-\lambda t_{1/2}} = \frac{1}{2}, \,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): - \lambda t_{1/2} = \ln \frac{1}{2} = - \ln{2}, \,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda}. \,

[edit] Experimental determination

The half-life of a process can be determined easily by experiment. In fact, some methods do not require advance knowledge of the law governing the decay rate, be it exponential decay or another pattern.

Most appropriate to validate the concept of half-life for radioactive decay, in particular when dealing with a small number of atoms, is to perform experiments and correct computer simulations. See in [1] how to test the behavior of the last atoms. Validation of physics-math models consists in comparing the model's behavior with experimental observations of real physical systems or valid simulations (physical and/or computer). The references given here describe how to test the validity of the exponential formula for small number of atoms with simple simulations, experiments, and computer code.

In radioactive decay, the exponential model does not apply for a small number of atoms (or a small number of atoms is not within the domain of validity of the formula or equation or table). The DIY experiments use pennies or M&M's candies. [2], [3]. A similar experiment is performed with isotopes of a very short half-life, for example, see Fig 5 in [4]. See how to write a computer program that simulates radioactive decay including the required randomness in [5] and experience the behavior of the last atoms. Of particular note, atoms undergo radioactive decay in whole units, and so after enough half-lives the remaining original quantity becomes an actual zero rather than asymptotically approaching zero as with continuous systems.