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Heath Ledger

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Heath Ledger
Image:Heath Ledger.jpg
Ledger at the 2006 Berlin Film Festival
Photo: Howie Berlin.
Born Heath Andrew Ledger
April 4 1979(1979-04-04)
Perth, Australia
Died January 22 2008 (aged 28)
New York City, United States
Occupation Actor
Years active 1996 – 2008

Heath Andrew Ledger (April 4, 1979 – January 22, 2008) was an Academy Award, BAFTA, Golden Globe, and SAG award-nominated Australian-born film actor who lived in New York City. After appearing in television roles during the 1990s, Ledger developed a movie career, appearing in nearly twenty films. He starred in both critical and box-office successes, including 10 Things I Hate About You, The Patriot, Monster's Ball, A Knight's Tale, and Brokeback Mountain. For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain, Ledger was nominated for a 2005 Oscar for "Best Actor in a Leading Role" and won awards from the British Academy and the Australian Film Institute, as well as two MTV Movie Awards.

In addition to his work as an actor and as a producer and director of music videos, Ledger also aspired to be a film director.[1]

Ledger completed filming his role as the Joker in the forthcoming movie The Dark Knight,[2] shortly before dying from an accidental prescription drug overdose at age 28.[3][4][5][6] His last acting project was Terry Gilliam's unfinished film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.[7][8][9]

Contents

Family and personal life

Ledger was born in Perth, Western Australia, the son of Sally Ledger Bell (née Ramshaw), a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a race car driver and mining engineer.[10] Ledger's father comes from a family known in Perth for their ownership of the Ledger Engineering Foundry.[11] The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust was named after his great-grandfather.[12] Ledger attended Mary's Mount Primary School, in Gooseberry Hill,[13][14] and later Guildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10.[12][4]

Ledger was an avid chess player, winning a state junior chess championship at age ten,[15][16] and as an adult often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park.[17][18]

Ledger had an older sister, Kate. Their parents divorced when he was eleven. Other siblings include two half-sisters, Ashleigh Bell (b. 1989), his mother's daughter with her second husband and his stepfather Roger Bell, and Olivia Ledger (b. 1997), his father's daughter with second wife and his stepmother Emma Brown.[19]

Prior to 2002, Ledger had dated actresses Lisa Zane and Heather Graham for short periods of time.[20] From August 2002 to April 2004, Ledger had a relationship with actress Naomi Watts, whom he met during the filming of Ned Kelly.[21]

Ledger met and began dating actress Michelle Williams on the set of Brokeback Mountain, and their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on October 28, 2005 in New York City.[22] Matilda Rose's godparents are Ledger's Brokeback co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams' Dawson's Creek castmate Busy Philipps.[23][24] Problems with paparazzi in Australia prompted Ledger to sell his residence in Bronte, New South Wales and move to the United States, where he shared an apartment with Williams, in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, from 2005 to 2007.[25][3][26][27][28]

In September, 2007, Williams' father, Larry Williams, confirmed to Sydney's Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had ended their relationship.[29] Subsequently, Ledger was reportedly "seeing" or "dating" supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward and former child-star Mary-Kate Olsen.[30][31][32][33]

Career

1990s

At sixteen, Ledger sat for early graduation exams and left school to pursue an acting career.[34] With his best friend, Trevor DiCarlo, Ledger made the cross-country drive to Sydney. He returned to Perth for the TV series Sweat (1996), in which he played a gay cyclist.[12]

In 1996, prior to his film debut in the 1997 Australian movie Blackrock, Ledger was involved in the short-lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy-drama Roar. This was immediately followed by a part on Home and Away, one of Australia's most successful television shows. In 1999, Ledger starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and also had the lead role in the acclaimed Australian movie Two Hands, directed by Gregor Jordan.[12]

2000s

From 2000 to 2005, he starred in The Patriot, Monster's Ball, A Knight's Tale, The Four Feathers, Ned Kelly, The Order, and The Brothers Grimm. In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award for the Male Star of Tomorrow based on his performance in The Patriot, and worldwide release of A Knight's Tale.

Ledger received "Best Actor of 2005" awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his acclaimed performance in Brokeback Mountain, in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar, who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist, played by Jake Gyllenhaal. He also received a nomination for Golden Globe Best Actor in a Drama and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance. At age 26, Ledger became one of the youngest performers ever nominated for the Best Actor Oscar. In The New York Times review of the film, critic Stephen Holden writes: "Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable. Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean, sinewy character. It is a great screen performance, as good as the best of Marlon Brando and Sean Penn."[35] In a review in Rolling Stone, Peter Travers states: "Ledger's magnificent performance is an acting miracle. He seems to tear it from his insides. Ledger doesn't just know how Ennis moves, speaks and listens; he knows how he breathes. To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost."[36]

Image:HeathJoker.png
Ledger as the Joker in The Dark Knight.

Also in 2005, Ledger portrayed a fictionalised version of Giacomo Casanova in Casanova, a romantic comedy which co-starred Sienna Miller.

In 2006, Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[37]

In 2007, he was one of six actors to portray different sides of singer Bob Dylan in the film I'm Not There.

Ledger plays iconic comic book villain the Joker in The Dark Knight, the sequel to the 2005 film Batman Begins to be released on July 18, 2008.[38] The Dark Knight was in post-production at the time of Ledger's death; it includes his work as completed, though its marketing campaign, which, prior to his death, focused on his character the Joker, may still be adjusted prior to its summer 2008 release.[39]

The film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, in which he had been cast in a major supporting role, was in production at the time of his death.[40]

Directorial work

Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and made some music videos. In 2006 he debuted as a director with the music videos for the title track on Australian hip-hop artist N'fa's CD debut solo album Cause an Effect[41] and for the single "Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)".[42][43]

Later in 2006, he started a new record label, Masses Music, with singer Ben Harper and also directed a music video for Harper's song "Morning Yearning".[44][45][46]

At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a film about the British troubadour Nick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of an antidepressant.[47] Relating to this project, he created and appeared in another music video set to Drake's recording of the singer's 1974 song about depression, "Black Eyed Dog"–"inspired by Winston Churchill’s descriptive term for depression"[3]–and included in an anthology of short films about Drake, Their Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, which premiered at the Mods & Rockers Film Festival, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, in Los Angeles, on October 5, 2007.[47]

He was also working with Scottish writer/producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of The Queen's Gambit, by Walter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director.[1]

Press controversies

Ledger had a turbulent relationship with paparazzi photographers but strongly denied allegations that he spat at and assaulted a photographer in Sydney in 2004.[48][49] On January 13, 2006, several photographers retaliated for the alleged incident, squirting Ledger and Michelle Williams with water pistols as they walked the red carpet for the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain.[50][51]

Ledger also experienced press criticism after his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled when presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, leading the Los Angeles Times to refer to his presentation as "some kind of gay spoof."[52] Ledger later called the Times to explain that his levity resulted from stage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier: "I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness," Ledger told the newspaper.[53][54]

Ledger was quoted in January 2006 in Melbourne's Herald Sun as saying that he heard that West Virginia had banned Brokeback Mountain, which it had not (A cinema in Utah had banned the film).[49] After he referred mistakenly to West Virginia as having had lynchings as recently as the 1980s, West Virginian scholars disputed his statement, observing that, whereas lynchings did occur in Alabama as recently as 1981, according to "the director of state archives and history" quoted in The Charleston Gazette, "The last documented lynching in West Virginia took place in Lewisburg in 1931."[55] Yet The Gazz qualifies its newspaper's report somewhat further in adding, "though you have to wonder what the Klan was up to in the decades after that."[56]

Effects of work on health

In a November 2007 New York Times interview with Sarah Lyall, Ledger stated that his recently-completed roles in The Dark Knight and I'm Not There had taken a toll on his ability to sleep: "Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night. ... I couldn't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going." At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in "a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing."[44][2]

Prior to his return to New York from his last film assignment, in London, in January 2008, he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness.[57]

Death

At about 2:45 PM on January 22, 2008, Ledger was found unconscious at his fourth-floor loft apartment, at 421 Broome Street, in SoHo, Manhattan.[3][4] Emergency crews arrived soon after but were unable to revive him.

After an initial autopsy on January 23, 2008, the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York announced its conclusions based on the toxicology analysis on February 6, 2008: "Mr. Heath Ledger died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine. ... We have concluded that the manner of death is accident, resulting from the abuse of prescription medications," prescribed commonly for treatment and alleviation of insomnia, anxiety, depression, pain, cold symptoms, and related ailments.[58][5][6][59] The Medical Examiner's Office announced that it would not be publicly disclosing the official estimated time of death.[60][61] After two weeks of speculation, the official announcement of the cause of his death heightened concerns about general "abuse of prescription medications."[6][59]

Late in February 2008, a still-ongoing DEA investigation of medical professionals "cleared" two American medics, who practice in Los Angeles and Houston, of "any wrongdoing," determining that "the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications–not the pills that killed him."[62][63]

Memorial tributes

Image:LedgerMemorial.jpg
Memorial for Heath Ledger outside 421 Broome Street, SoHo, Manhattan.

On January 23, 2008, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside his mother's house in Applecross, a riverside Perth suburb, and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy.[64] Two days later, memorial tributes were posted by family members, Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd, Warner Brothers (distributor of The Dark Knight, his final completed film), and thousands of Ledger's fans around the world.[65][66][67][68]

Numerous actors have made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger's death, including Daniel Day-Lewis who dedicated his Screen Actors Guild Award saying Ledger's performance in Brokeback Mountain was "perfect."[69] On February 1 2008, Michelle Williams' first public statement on the death expressed her heartbreak and described her seeing Ledger's spirit surviving in their daughter.[70][71]

After private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger's family members returned with his body to Perth, Western Australia. On February 9 2008, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penhros College. Following the memorial, Ledger's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery; a funeral for ten members of his immediate family followed, with his ashes to be "scattered in a family plot at Karrakatta Cemetery, next to two of his grandparents."[72][73][60][59][74][75][76][77][78] Later that night, his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach.[79][77][80]

Forthcoming films

Ledger's death affects not only the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan's film The Dark Knight[2] but also production for Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.[7][8][9] Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film,[8] he expressed determination to "salvage" it, perhaps using computer-generated imagery (CGI), and plans to dedicate it to the memory of Heath Ledger.[81][57] In February 2008 actors Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in the "magical" world of the film, in part as a "tribute" to Ledger.[82][83][84]

Posthumous press attention

A posthumous fictionalized account of "The Last Days of Heath Ledger", by Lisa Taddeo ("an associate editor at Golf Magazine and an aspiring fiction writer, [who] spent four days in restaurants and cafes and parks near where Mr. Ledger died"),[85] has raised some controversy prior to its print publication in the April 2008 issue of Esquire.[86] It covers Ledger's final four days, from January 19 through January 22, 2008, the day he died, whose entry is subtitled "The Final Curtain".[85] According to Edward Wasserman, Knight professor of journalism at Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia, "The risk of a piece like 'The Last Days of Heath Ledger' is that the work winds up in a literary no-man’s land. The biggest problem I see is you are sacrificing the biggest strengths from each of the genres. ... You are losing the veracity of journalism, and you are losing the imaginative license of fiction. You run the risk of ending up with something that is neither true nor interesting."[86]

Filmography

Film

# Year Title Role Notes
1.
1992
 Clowning Around
2.
1997
 Paws Oberon (voice)
3. Blackrock Toby
4.
1999
 10 Things I Hate About You Patrick Verona
5. Two Hands Jimmy AFI Award nominee (Best Actor in a Leading Role)
6.
2000
 The Patriot Gabriel Martin
7.
2001
 Monster's Ball Sonny Grotowski
8. A Knight's Tale Sir William Thatcher A.K.A Sir Ulrich von Lichtenstein of Gelderland
9.
2002
 The Four Feathers Harry Faversham
10.
2003
 The Order Alex Bernier
11. Ned Kelly Ned Kelly AFI Award nominee (Best Actor in a Leading Role)
12.
2005
 Casanova Giacomo Casanova
13. Brokeback Mountain Ennis del Mar Academy Award nominee (Best Lead Actor)
Golden Globe nominee (Best Lead Actor - Drama)
BAFTA Award nominee (Best Lead Actor)
SAG nominee (Best Lead Actor, Best Ensemble Cast)
AFI Award (Best Lead Actor)
14. The Brothers Grimm Jacob Grimm
15. Lords of Dogtown Skip Engblom
16.
2006
 Candy Dan AFI Award nominee (Best Actor in a Leading Role)
IF Award nominee (Best Actor)
FCCA Award nominee (Best Actor)
17.
2007
 I'm Not There Robbie Clark
18. Black Eyed Dog Short film directed by and featuring Ledger. Set to 1974 song about depression written by Nick Drake
19.
2008
 The Dark Knight The Joker post-production
20.
2009
 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Tony[87] production suspended due to Ledger's death

Television

Year Title Role Notes
1993 Ship to Shore Cyclist
1996 Sweat Snowy Bowles Series regular
1997
 Home and Away Scott Irwin Guest
Roar Conor Series regular

Awards and nominations

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Adam Dawtrey. "'Parnassus' Team Faces Dilemma", Variety.com, Variety, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  2. ^ a b c David M. Halbfinger. "Batman's Burden: A Director Confronts Darkness and Death", The New York Times (Arts & Leisure: Film), nytimes.com, 2008-03-09, pp. 1, 16. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. "Heath Ledger's death raised the stakes surrounding Christopher Nolan's Batman sequel. The director Christopher Nolan ... worked with Heath Ledger (playing the Joker) and Christian Bale (as Batman) ... on the coming 'Dark Knight'.... [photo captions] ... Rebooting the Batman franchise may be behind him, but he still has to improve upon it. Sequels are always trickier. And now he must also navigate the aftermath of the Jan. 22 death of Mr. Ledger. ... It [Ledger's death] came well into editing, and only after the studio had introduced Mr. Ledger’s Joker through posters, trailers and a six-minute Imax short. But it automatically raised the stakes: the acclaimed actor's final role would be ... [sic] a comic-book grotesque? Worse, though Mr. Ledger had finished work on 'The Dark Knight' in October and was already halfway through another film, news that the prescription drugs that killed him included sleep aids — along with narcotics — prompted Internet chatter about whether his intense performance as the Joker, styled after Malcolm McDowell's in 'A Clockwork Orange,' had been a factor in his demise. ... Mr. Ledger, however, also called it 'the most fun I’ve ever had, or probably ever will have, playing a character.' But his fatigue was obvious, said Michael Caine, who briefly overlapped with him. 'He was exhausted, I mean he was really tired. I remember saying to him, "I'm too old to have the bloody energy to play that part." And I thought to myself, I didn't have the energy when I was his age.' ... Mr. [Wally] Pfister, the cinematographer, said Mr. Ledger seemed 'like he was busting blood vessels in his head,' he was so intense. 'It was like a séance, where the medium takes on another person and then is so completely drained.' ... Will Mr. Ledger’s death cast a pall over 'The Dark Knight,' whose tragic plot turns already make it much darker than 'Batman Begins'? 'We’ll see,' said Mr. [Jeff] Robinov, of Warner Brothers. Mr. Nolan, for his part, said he felt a 'massive sense of responsibility' to do right by Mr. Ledger's 'terrifying, amazing' performance. ... 'It's stunning, it's iconic,' he said. 'It's going to just blow people away.' " 
  3. ^ a b c d James Barron. "Heath Ledger, Actor, Is Found Dead at 28", The New York Times, 2008-01-23, p. 1 (Late Ed.). Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  4. ^ a b c "Heath Ledger: The Times Obituary", Times Online, The Times, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  5. ^ a b Sewell Chan. "City Room: Heath Ledger's Death Is Ruled an Accident", The New York Times, cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  6. ^ a b c CNN. "Ledger's Death Caused by Accidental Overdose", CNN.com, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 
  7. ^ a b
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  9. ^ a b David M. Halbfinger. "Actor’s Death May Mean Film's End", The New York Times, 2008-01-25, p. 12 (Movies, Performing Arts/Weekend Desk). Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 
  10. ^ Heath Ledger Biography (1979-). Filmreference.com (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-23. “born April 4, 1979, in Perth, Western Australia, Australia; son of Kim Ledger (a mining engineer and race car driver)and Sally Ledger Bell (a French teacher)”
  11. ^ "Banks, Frederick & Annie". WA Maritime Museum Welcome Walls. Western Australian Museum. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. “The Ledger Foundry made most of the pipes, etc. for the Kalgoorlie Pipe Line. Fred worked as a partner in the Foundry & also made tools for the prospectors on the Goldfields.”
  12. ^ a b c d Heath Ledger Biography. tiscali.co.uk. Tiscali (2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
  13. ^ "Heath Ledger among WA's Finest Sons, Says Eric Ripper", PerthNow, news.com.au, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. "Heath was one of the best actors the nation had produced and his death at age 28 had shocked the community, he said. ... 'I understand he was a former student at both Mary’s Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill and later at Guildford Grammar,' Mr Ripper said. ... 'Apparently he left school at 16 to pursue his passion for acting. There is no doubt his wonderful work in that field in such a comparatively short time will endure.' ... Mr Ripper said Western Australians everywhere would be proud of Ledger’s work and his legacy." 
  14. ^ Michael Bodey. "Rocked by the system", The Australian, 2008-01-24, p. 13 (Features). Retrieved on 2008-02-08. "1985: Attends Mary's Mount Primary School in the Perth Hills and Guildford Grammar, excelling in drama and sport." 
  15. ^ "Obituary of Heath Ledger Actor who thought deeply about his craft and won widespread praise for Brokeback Mountain", The Daily Telegraph, 2008-01-24, p. 25. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. "At the same time he showed promise in other areas, as a junior go-kart racing champion and, aged only 10, as Western Australia's junior chess champion." 
  16. ^ Brian Pendreigh. "'My friend Heath would never commit suicide'", Scotland on Sunday, news.scotsman.com, 2008-01-24. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 
  17. ^ Christina Tapper and Natasha Stoyoff. "Heath Ledger's Passion for Chess", People, people.com, 2008-01-26. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. "No stranger to the New York Washington Square Park chess world, Heath Ledger found joy by screaming the occasional 'checkmate!'" 
  18. ^ Josh Horowitz. "Heath Ledger Discusses Delving Into Dylan for 'I'm Not There': Channeling Sid Vicious for 'Dark Knight'", MTV, mtv.com, 2007-11-12. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 
  19. ^ "Heath Ledger Biography", Yahoo! Movies, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 
  20. ^ "Trivia" sec. of "mini-biography" for "Heath Ledger", in Heath Ledger at the Internet Movie Database.
  21. ^ Gary Susman. "Naomi Watts and Heath Ledger split", EW.com, Entertainment Weekly, 2003-10-01. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  22. ^ Kiki King, Eva Simpson, and Caroline Hedley. "The Heath Is On", 3AM, Daily Mirror, 2006-03-03, p. 16. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 
  23. ^ "Godfather Jake Gillenhaal's Silent Agony", news.com.au, The Daily Telegraph, 2008-01-25. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  24. ^ "First Picture: Michelle Williams and Matilda Arrive in Brooklyn", Usmagazine.com, Us Weekly, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  25. ^ Sarah Grant. "Soaking Left my lad Heath in Tears", The Daily Telegraph, 2006-06-08, p. 9. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 
  26. ^ "Ledger hopes for $3m profit on beach house", theage.com.au, The Age, 2006-02-11. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  27. ^ Angela Saurine. "Why the rich are kings of the castle", The Daily Telegraph, 2006-04-15, p. 19. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  28. ^ Alex Williams. "Brooklyn's Fragile Eco-System", The New York Times, 2007-09-30, p. 1. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  29. ^ "Williams' Father Confirms Ledger Split", Hollywood.com, WENN (World Entertainment News Network), 2007-09-04. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  30. ^ "Supermodel's Last Call to Heath", news.com.au, Herald Sun, 2008-01-24. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 
  31. ^ Robert Stansfield. "Helena Christensen Was On Way To See Heath Ledger", Scottish Daily Record, 2008-01-24, p. 6. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 
  32. ^ Holly Byrnes, Sarah Grant, and Angela Saurine. "Are Gemma Ward and Heath Ledger Dating?", Sydney Confidential, The Daily Telegraph, 2008-01-03, p. 31. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  33. ^ Janet Fife-Yeomans. "Sorrow of Heath Ledger's secret love", The Daily Telegraph, 2008-01-25, p. 4. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  34. ^ "Heath Ledger: Lonesome Cowboy", Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 
  35. ^ Stephen Holden. "Film Review - Brokeback Mountain - Riding the High Country, Finding and Losing Love", The New York Times, 2005-12-09, p. 1. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  36. ^ Peter Travers. "Brokeback Mountain: Review", Rolling Stone, 2005-12-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  37. ^ Academy Invites 120 to Membership. Press Release. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (2006-07-05). Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
  38. ^ The Dark Knight. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2008-02-01.
  39. ^ Matt Brady. "Heath Ledger Dies", Newsarama, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  40. ^ "Gilliam, Ledger Reteam for Film", Variety.com, Variety, 2007-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. 
  41. ^ "Music: Cause An Effect – N'Fa", thescene.com.au. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  42. ^ "Seduction Is Evil", Inertia Catalogue, inertia.net, 2006-10-28. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  43. ^ Andrew Drever. "N'Fa: Frontman for 1200 Techniques May Be Doing Solo Work, But Everything's Cool", The Age, theage.com.au, 2006-08-21, p. 2. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  44. ^ a b
  45. ^ "Heath Ledger Teams Up with Ben Harper to Launch New Record Label", Starpulse Entertainment News Blog, starpulse.com, 2007-02-14. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  46. ^ "Trivia", Heath Ledger at the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2008-03-05.
  47. ^ a b Jim Fraenkel and Rodrigo Perez. "Heath Ledger's Video for Nick Drake Song: Eerie Postscript to Actor's Death", MTV.com, MTV, 2008-01-22. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 
  48. ^ WENN (World Entertainment News Network). "Ledger Slams Spitting Claims", SFGate.com, 2006-01-12. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  49. ^ a b Claire Sutherland and Mark Moor. "Heath Ledger Angry At Ban", Herald Sun, 2006-01-11, p. 3. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  50. ^ Emily Dunn and Richard Jinman. "How a Triumphant Return Turned Sour", The Sydney Morning Herald, 2008-01-24, p. 1. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  51. ^ "Sprayed Heath flies out", The Sydney Morning Herald, AAP, 2006-01-14. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  52. ^ Elizabeth Snead. "Ledger's Strange SAG Behavior", The Dish Rag, The Los Angeles Times, 2006-01-30. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  53. ^ Elizabeth Snead. "Heath Explains His SAG Giggles", The Dish Rag, The Los Angeles Times, 2006-02-03. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  54. ^ "Ledger in Damage Control", The Age, 2006-02-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  55. ^ Joe Morris. "'Brokeback' Actor Has W. Va. All Wrong", The Charleston Gazette, wvgazette.com via joemorris.info, 2006-01-16. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 
  56. ^ "When'd We Stop Stringing 'Em Up in West Virginia?", The Gazz: What's Going On: The Entertainment Guide of The Charleston Gazette, thegazz.com (blog), 2006-01-16. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 
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  58. ^ Paul Lieberman. "Heath Ledger's Death Ruled Accidental Overdose", The Los Angeles Times, LATimes.com, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  59. ^ a b c Larry King. "Video: Ledger Death", Larry King Live, CNN, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  60. ^ a b AAP. "Heath Ledger's Family Returns to Perth", PerthNow, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  61. ^ Peter Mitchell. "Heath Ledger Death Results Delayed", news.com.au, The Daily Telegraph, 2008-02-07. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  62. ^ WENN (World Entertainment News Network). "Heath Ledger Doctors Cleared", Hollywood.com, 2008-02-29. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  63. ^ Nicole Weisensee Egan. "Report: Doctors Cleared in Ledger Investigation", People, people.com, 2008-02-28. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  64. ^ "Heath Ledger Loved Life, Family Tell", The Daily Telegraph, news.com.au, 2008-01-23. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  65. ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Australia. "Media Release", pm.gov.au, 2008-01-22. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  66. ^ Lisa Pendrill. "Heath's Family Writes of Heartache", The Sunday Times, PerthNow @ news.com.au, 2008-01-25. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 
  67. ^ Warner Bros.. "Heath Memorial", thedarkknight.warnerbros.com, 2008-01-25. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  68. ^ "Online Community Pays Tribute to Heath Ledger", 901am.com, 2008-01-25. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  69. ^ Amy Diluna and Joe Neumaier. "Daniel Day-Lewis honors Heath Ledger during Screen Actors Guild awards", New York Daily News, nydailynews.com, 2008-01-27. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 
  70. ^ "Michelle Wiliams: Heath Ledger has broken my heart", The Daily Telegraph, news.com.au, 2008-02-01. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 
  71. ^ "Michelle Williams Breaks Silence on Heath's Death", People Magazine, people.com, 2008-02-01. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 
  72. ^ Stephen M. Silverman. "Heath Ledger's Family Heads Home", People Magazine, People.com, 2008-02-04. Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 
  73. ^ Brenda Rodriguez. "A Sorrowful Return to Australia for Heath Ledger's Family", People Magazine, People.com, 2008-02-05. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  74. ^ Associated Press. "Reports: Michelle Williams Arrives in Perth for Heath Ledger's Funeral", International Herald Tribune, 2008-02-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 
  75. ^ AAP. "Heath Ledger Farewelled at Perth Funeral", news.com.au, 2008-02-09. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. 
  76. ^ Jane Hammond and Phillipa Prior. "Celebrities, Friends and Family Remember a Local Star", The West Australian, 2008-02-09. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. 
  77. ^ a b Michelle Cazzulino and Stephen Corby. "Entertainment: Top Stories: Star Swim at Heath Ledger's Farewell: Ledger Wake Held in Perth", www.news.com, 2008-02-10. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. 
  78. ^ Michelle Cazzalino (in Perth) and Ellen Connolly. "Last, Sad Farewell for Heath", The Sunday Telegraph, LexisNexis.com, 2008-02-10, p. 5 (Local; State Ed. and Country Main Ed.). Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 
  79. ^ Wendy Caccetta and Nicole Cox. "Beach Tribute to Heath Ledger", The Courier Mail, www.news.com.au, 2008-02-10. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. "Friends and family of actor Heath Ledger washed away their pain with a spontaneous splash in the West Australian surf last night. ... Ledger's former fiancee Michelle Williams and his sister Kate left his wake to join dozens of others at an uplifting farewell at the Perth beach the star had loved so much." 
  80. ^ Michelle Cazzulino and Stephen Corby. "Michelle Williams Swims at Heath Ledger's Wake", The Daily Telegraph, news.com.au, 2008-02-10. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 
  81. ^ WENN (World Entertainment News Network). "Gilliam Trying to Save Last Ledger Film", Hollywood.com, 2008-01-28. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 
  82. ^ "Moriarty". "AICN EXCLUSIVE! We Know Who’s Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger In DR. PARNASSUS Now!", Ain't It Cool News, 2008-02-15. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. "...we’re going to see Heath Ledger’s work in Terry Gilliam’s new film, and that we’re also going to see three very interesting actors step up to offer interpretations of him...now we’ve got the names verified... JOHNNY DEPP. ... JUDE LAW. ... COLIN FARRELL." 
  83. ^ Shawn Adler. "Heath Ledger's Final Film To Go Forward - With Johnny Depp, Jude Law, Colin Farrell in His Role", MTV, 2008-02-15. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. "Report: The three actors have signed on to complete film. ... Heath Ledger died last month at the age of 28, but his final performance will live on - thanks to a little creativity and some famous friends. ... Johnny Depp, Jude Law and Colin Farrell have all signed on to film scenes as Ledger's character in Terry Gilliam's 'The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus,' a magical re-telling of the Faust story, according to Aintitcoolnews.com. The announcement serves as a tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation." 
  84. ^ "Arts Briefly: Three Actors Replace Heath Ledger", The New York Times, 2008-02-19. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. "Jude Law, Colin Farrell, and Johnny Depp ... will replace Heath Ledger ... in the film he was starring in when he died last month, Ain't It Cool News reported. ... Mr. Ledger was playing a character who is transported into three separate dimensions. These will now be inhabited, instead, by Mr. Depp, Mr. Law and Mr. Farrell." 
  85. ^ a b Lisa Taddeo. "The Last Days of Heath Ledger", Esquire, esquire.com, 2008-03-05. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. "To write a conceivable chronicle of Heath Ledger's final days, writer Lisa Taddeo visited the actor's neighborhood, talked to the store owners and bartenders who may have seen him during his last week, and read as many accounts and rumors about the events surrounding his death as possible. She filled in the rest with her imagination. The result is what we call reported fiction. Some of the elements are true. (Ledger was in London. He was a regular at the Beatrice Inn and the Mirö Cafe. And he was infatuated with Nick Drake.) Others are not." 
  86. ^ a b Tim Arango. "Esquire Publishes a Diary That Isn’t", The New York Times (Books), 2008-03-06. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. "After Mr. Ledger died from what was later found to be an accidental overdose of prescription medications, [Esquire editor-in-chief] Mr. Granger said he was surprised at the public's outpouring of grief for someone who, in Mr. Granger’s view, was not a huge movie star. 'It was born out of curiosity,' he said of the assignment. 'I didn’t understand what the fuss was all about.' ... Mr. Granger said he had read an unpublished novel written by Ms. Taddeo and had been looking for the right work to give her. When she first got the Ledger assignment it was unclear if the final product would be fiction or nonfiction. Mr. Granger simply wanted a writer on the scene. ... Some of what she wrote is true. Mr. Ledger was in London three days before his death. He did return to New York. He did like banana nut muffins from Miro Café, though it’s not certain he ate one for his last meal." 
  87. ^ Christopher Campbell. "Details About Terry Gilliam's 'The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus'", Cinematical.com, 2007-10-09. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 


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Persondata
NAME Ledger, Heath Andrew
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Australian actor
DATE OF BIRTH April 4 1979
PLACE OF BIRTH Perth, Western Australia, Australia
DATE OF DEATH January 22 2008
PLACE OF DEATH New York City, New York, United States

af:Heath Ledger

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