Kunrei-shiki romanization

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Kunrei-shiki rōmaji (訓令式ローマ字, Kunrei-shiki rōmaji^? Cabinet-ordered romanization system) is a romanization system, i.e. a system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. It is abbreviated as Kunrei-shiki. Its name is rendered Kunreisiki using Kunrei-shiki itself.

Kunrei-shiki is sometimes known as the Monbushō system in English^{[citation needed]}, because it is taught in the Monbushō-approved elementary school curriculum. Kunrei-shiki is also referred to as ISO 3602, as it has been approved by ISO.

Kunrei-shiki is based on the older Nihon-shiki (Nipponsiki) system, modified for modern standard Japanese. For example, the word かなづかい, romanized kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced kanazukai in common modern Japanese, and Kunrei-shiki uses the latter spelling.

Japanese writing

Kanji

Kana

Uses

Rōmaji

1 Legal status
2 Usage
- 2.1 Kunrei-shiki spellings of kana
- 2.2 Permitted exceptions
3 See also
4 External links

Legal status

The system was originally promulgated as Japanese Cabinet Order No.3 as of September 21, 1937. But since this had been overturned by the SCAP during the Occupation of Japan, the Japanese government repealed it and decreed again as Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 as of December 29, 1954. The order mandated the use of kunrei-shiki in "the written expression of Japanese generally," with a provision that specific alternative spellings could be used in international relations, and where necessary to follow established precedent. See Permitted Exceptions for details. (Japanese text)

Kunrei-shiki has been recognized, along with Nihon-shiki, in ISO 3602:1989. Documentation--Romanization of Japanese (kana script) by the ISO. It was also recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) after they withdrew their own standard, ANSI Z39.11-1972 American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn), in 1994.

Usage

Despite its official recognition, Kunrei-shiki has not gained widespread acceptance in or outside Japan^{[citation needed]}. The government generally uses Hepburn^{[citation needed]} for romanizing Japanese names and terms in English contexts, as well as some less language-specific contexts such as passports and road signs. Most countries, including all countries in the Anglosphere, continue to use Hepburn^{[citation needed]}.

**Example: tat-u**
Conjugation	Kunrei	Hepburn
Mizen 1	tat-a-	tat-a-
Mizen 2	tat-o-	tat-o-
Ren'yô	tat-i	tach-i
Syûsi/Rentai	tat-u	tats-u
Katei	tat-e-	tat-e-
Meirei	tat-e	tat-e

Because Kunrei-shiki is based on Japanese phonology, English speakers often find it counter-intuitive^{[original research?]}. For example, an English speaker unfamiliar with Japanese would probably be understood if he attempted to pronounce Shinjuku (in Hepburn), whereas an attempt to read the Kunrei-shiki spelling Sinzyuku would likely not be comprehensible^{[original research?]}.

Additional complications appear with newer kana combinations such as ティーム(チーム) team. In Hepburn, these would be distinguished as different sounds and represented tīmu and chīmu respectively, giving better indications of the English pronunciations. For some Japanese speakers, however, the sounds ティ "ti" and チ "chi" are the same phoneme; they are both represented in Kunrei-shiki as tîmu. This kind of logic often confuses those who do not know Japanese phonology well.

Today, the main users of Kunrei-shiki are native speakers of Japanese (especially within Japan) and linguists studying Japanese. The main advantage of Kunrei-shiki is that it is better able to illustrate Japanese grammar, as Hepburn makes some regular conjugations appear irregular (see table, right). The most serious problem of Hepburn in this context is that it changes the stem of verbs, which is not reflected in the underlying morphology of the language.

Kunrei-shiki spellings of kana

あア a	いイ i	うウ u	えエ e	おオ o	(ya)	(yu)	(yo)

かカ ka	きキ ki	くク ku	けケ ke	こコ ko	きゃキャ kya	きゅキュ kyu	きょキョ kyo
さサ sa	しシ si	すス su	せセ se	そソ so	しゃシャ sya	しゅシュ syu	しょショ syo
たタ ta	ちチ ti	つツ tu	てテ te	とト to	ちゃチャ tya	ちゅチュ tyu	ちょチョ tyo
なナ na	にニ ni	ぬヌ nu	ねネ ne	のノ no	にゃニャ nya	にゅニュ nyu	にょニョ nyo
はハ ha	ひヒ hi	ふフ hu	へヘ he	ほホ ho	ひゃヒャ hya	ひゅヒュ hyu	ひょヒョ hyo
まマ ma	みミ mi	むム mu	めメ me	もモ mo	みゃミャ mya	みゅミュ myu	みょミョ myo
やヤ ya		ゆユ yu		よヨ yo
らラ ra	りリ ri	るル ru	れレ re	ろロ ro	りゃリャ rya	りゅリュ ryu	りょリョ ryo
わワ wa	ゐヰ i		ゑヱ e	をヲ o
				んン n

がガ ga	ぎギ gi	ぐグ gu	げゲ ge	ごゴ go	ぎゃギャ gya	ぎゅギュ gyu	ぎょギョ gyo
ざザ za	じジ zi	ずズ zu	ぜゼ ze	ぞゾ zo	じゃジャ zya	じゅジュ zyu	じょジョ zyo
だダ da	ぢヂ (zi)	づヅ (zu)	でデ de	どド do	ぢゃヂャ (zya)	ぢゅヂュ (zyu)	ぢょヂョ (zyo)
ばバ ba	びビ bi	ぶブ bu	べベ be	ぼボ bo	びゃビャ bya	びゅビュ byu	びょビョ byo
ぱパ pa	ぴピ pi	ぷプ pu	ぺペ pe	ぽポ po	ぴゃピャ pya	ぴゅピュ pyu	ぴょピョ pyo

Notes:

Characters in red are outdated in the language itself.
When he (へ) is used as a particle it is written e not he (as in Nipponsiki).
When ha (は) is used as a particle it is written wa not ha.
When wo (を) is used as a particle it is written o not wo.
Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex, for example long o is written ô.
Syllabic n (ん) is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
Geminate consonants are marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon, っ, without exception.
The first letter in a sentence, and all proper nouns, are capitalized.
ISO 3602 has the strict form, see Nihon-shiki.

Permitted exceptions

The Cabinet Order makes an exception to the above chart:

Limited to international relations and situations with prior precedent in which a sudden spelling reform would be difficult, spelling may also be given by [the following] Chart 2.

しゃ sha	し shi	しゅ shu	しょ sho
		つ tsu
ちゃ cha	ち chi	ちゅ chu	ちょ cho
		ふ fu
じゃ ja	じ ji	じゅ ju	じょ jo
	ぢ di	づ du
ぢゃ dya		ぢゅ dyu	ぢょ dyo
くゎ kwa
ぐゎ gwa
			を wo

This exceptional clause is not to be confused with other systems of romanization (such as Hepburn) and does not specifically relax other requirements such as marking long vowels.