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List of capitals in the United States

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Image:Independence Hall belltower.jpg
Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, site of first U.S. capital.

This is a list of current and former national and subnational capital cities in the United States, which includes the legislature or seat of government of all states, territories, colonies, or kingdoms that are or were located in the United States, organized by current U.S. state location.

The city chosen to be capital for a given region may change from time to time, typically during rapid population growth or time of governmental instability caused by local war. When territories were divided up into smaller states, especially during the 19th century, new capitals within the new boundaries needed to be chosen.

Contents

Current capitals

National capital

Washington, DC has been the national capital of the United States since 1800.

State capitals

For the former capitals of U.S. states, see Former state capitals, below.
For additional information on the states, see U.S. state.

The current roster of state capitals of the United States has not changed since 1910, when Oklahoma City replaced Guthrie as the capital of the State of Oklahoma. Four states were granted statehood after 1910 (Arizona and New Mexico in 1912 and Alaska and Hawaii in 1959), but the capital of each of these four states had been the capital of the preceding territory since before 1910. It is unlikely that any of the current state capitals will change in the near future, due to the considerable cost of moving government operations.

In 32 of the 50 U.S. states, the state capital is currently not the state's most populous city.

The dates listed in the following table indicate the year since which the current capital has continuously served as the sole capital. In nine states, as noted below, the current capital had served as capital previously, but one or more other cities were capital in the interim.

Also, the states that are italicized denote that the capital city is not in a metropolitan area.

State Capitals of the United States of America
State Date of statehood Capital Capital since Most populous city? Municipal population Metropolitan population Notes on current capital
Alabama 1819 Montgomery 1846 No 200,127 469,268
Alaska 1959 Juneau 1906 No 30,987
Arizona 1912 Phoenix 1889 Yes 1,512,986 4,039,182 Phoenix is the most populous U.S. state capital.
Arkansas 1836 Little Rock 1836 Yes 204,370 652,834
California 1850 Sacramento 1854 No 467,343 2,103,956 The Supreme Court of California sits in San Francisco.
Colorado 1876 Denver 1867 Yes 566,974 2,408,750 Denver City served as the capital of the Colorado Territory 1861-1862 and 1867-1876.
Connecticut 1788 Hartford 1875 No 124,397 1,188,241 Hartford also served as the capital 1639-1686 and 1689-1700, and as the co-capital with New Haven 1701-1875.
Delaware 1787 Dover 1777 No 32,135
Florida 1845 Tallahassee 1824 No 156,612 336,501
Georgia 1788 Atlanta 1868 Yes 486,411 5,138,223
Hawaii 1959 Honolulu 1845 Yes 377,357 909,863
Idaho 1890 Boise 1865 Yes 201,287 635,450
Illinois 1818 Springfield 1839 No 111,454 188,951
Indiana 1816 Indianapolis 1825 Yes 791,926 1,984,664
Iowa 1846 Des Moines 1857 Yes 194,163 534,230 Burlington served as the territorial capital from 1838-1846. Iowa City served as the capital from 1846-1857.
Kansas 1861 Topeka 1856 No 122,327 228,894
Kentucky 1792 Frankfort 1792 No 27,741
Louisiana 1812 Baton Rouge 1880 No 224,097 751,965 Baton Rouge also served as the capital 1849-1862.
Maine 1820 Augusta 1832 No 18,560 Augusta was officially capital from 1827 but the legislature did not sit there until 1832.
Maryland 1788 Annapolis 1694 No 36,217 Annapolis is the third longest serving capital in the United States after Santa Fe and Boston. Its capitol building is the oldest still in use.
Massachusetts 1788 Boston 1630 Yes 590,763 4,455,217 Boston is the longest continuously serving capital in the United States. The Boston-Worcester-Manchester Combined Statistical Area encompasses the state capitals of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the State of New Hampshire, and the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Michigan 1837 Lansing 1847 No 119,128 454,044 Lansing is the only state capital that is not also the county seat of the county in which it is situated.
Minnesota 1858 Saint Paul 1849 No 287,151 3,502,891
Mississippi 1817 Jackson 1821 Yes 184,256 529,456
Missouri 1821 Jefferson City 1826 No 39,636
Montana 1889 Helena 1889 No 25,780 67,636
Nebraska 1867 Lincoln 1867 No 225,581 283,970
Nevada 1864 Carson City 1861 No 57,701 57,701
New Hampshire 1788 Concord 1808 No 42,221 The Boston-Worcester-Manchester Combined Statistical Area encompasses the state capitals of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the State of New Hampshire, and the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
New Jersey 1787 Trenton 1784 No 84,639 367,605
New Mexico 1912 Santa Fe 1610 No 70,631 142,407 Santa Fe is the longest serving capital in the United States. El Paso del Norte served as the capital of the Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico colony-in-exile during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680-1692.
New York 1788 Albany 1797 No 95,993 1,147,850
North Carolina 1789 Raleigh 1794 No 359,332 994,551
North Dakota 1889 Bismarck 1883 No 55,532 101,138
Ohio 1803 Columbus 1816 Yes 733,203 1,725,570
Oklahoma 1907 Oklahoma City 1910 Yes 541,500 1,266,445 Oklahoma City is the shortest serving current state capital in the United States.
Oregon 1859 Salem 1855 No 149,305 539,203 Salem first served as the capital in 1851, but Portland was briefly the capital in 1855.
Pennsylvania 1787 Harrisburg 1812 No 48,950 384,600
Rhode Island 1790 Providence 1900 Yes 176,862 1,612,989 Providence also served as the capital 1636-1686 and 1689-1776. It was one of five co-capitals 1776-1853, and one of two co-capitals 1853-1900. The Boston-Worcester-Manchester Combined Statistical Area encompasses the state capitals of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the State of New Hampshire, and the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
South Carolina 1788 Columbia 1786 Yes 122,819 703,771
South Dakota 1889 Pierre 1889 No 13,876
Tennessee 1796 Nashville 1826 No 607,413 1,455,097 Nashville also served as the capital 1812-1818.
Texas 1845 Austin 1839 No 709,893 1,513,565
Utah 1896 Salt Lake City 1858 Yes 181,743 1,067,722 Fillmore served as capital of the Utah Territory 1851-1858
Vermont 1791 Montpelier 1805 No 8,035 Montpelier is the least populous U.S. state capital.
Virginia 1788 Richmond 1780 No 195,251 1,194,008
Washington 1889 Olympia 1853 No 42,514 234,670
West Virginia 1863 Charleston 1885 Yes 52,700 305,526 Charleston also served as the capital 1870-1875.
Wisconsin 1848 Madison 1838 No 221,551 543,022
Wyoming 1890 Cheyenne 1869 Yes 55,362 85,384

Insular area capitals

An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Only five of the fourteen insular areas are populated; these are listed here. There are three additional freely associated states (Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Palau) and five additional disputed areas claimed by the United States and other nations; see Insular area for details.

Capitals of United States Insular Areas
Insular area Date Capital Date Notes
American Samoa 1899 Pago Pago 1899 Capital de facto of the Territory of American Samoa.
Fagatogo 1967 Capital de jure of the Territory of American Samoa.
Guam 1898 Hagåtña 1668 Capital of the Territory of Guam.
Northern Mariana Islands 1947 Saipan 1668 Capital of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
Puerto Rico 1898 San Juan 1521 Capital of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
U.S. Virgin Islands 1917 Charlotte Amalie 1871 Capital of the United States Virgin Islands.

Former national capitals

United States of America

From 1765 to 1800, Congress met in numerous locations; therefore, the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital[1]:

Stamp Act Congress
First Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
Constitution

Vermont Republic

Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic. Two cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii

Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent nation. Two cities served as its capital:

Republic of Texas

Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Seven cities served as its capital:

Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America had three capitals during its existence.

The Confederate constitutional convention was held in Montgomery, Alabama in December of 1860 because it was the largest and most influential city in the geographic center of the original seven Confederate states (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas) that planned to secede from the Union.

The first Confederate capital was established on February 4, 1861 in Montgomery and remained there until it was moved to Richmond after Virginia joined the Confederacy on May 23, 1861.

As the Army of Northern Virginia was pushed farther south and Richmond fell under the Federal guns in early 1865, the Confederate government fled using the only viable railroad line available on April 2, 1865 to Danville, VA.

The C.S.A. state capitals remained the same as when each state seceded from the Union. Some of the capitals were moved temporarily in an effort to stay ahead of the advancing Federals. As Confederate areas were occupied, the US Army established military districts to govern each area. These military districts often shifted as the war progressed and even after the war concluded through the end of Reconstruction.

Following the surrender of General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in Appomattox, Virginia, which ended the American Civil War on April 9, 1865, the eleven southern states that seceded from the United States of America to create the C.S.A., gradually had their Senators and Representatives recognized and seated by Congress starting with Tennessee on July 24, 1866, then Arkansas on June 22, 1868, Louisiana, Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina on June 25, 1868, then Alabama on July 14, 1868, then Virginia on January 26, 1870, then Mississippi on February 23, 1870, then Texas on March 30, 1870 and finally Georgia on July 15, 1870.

There is some disagreement over whether this recognition by Congress is what determines the status of 'statehood'. The US Supreme Court decision in Texas v. White raises questions on this point where the court ruled that Texas never left the Union, and essentially that once a territory is admitted and recognized as a state, it is in perpetuity a state in the Union.

Unrecognized national capitals

State of Muskogee Image:Flag of the Creek Nation.svg

The State of Muskogee was a short-lived Native American state in Florida. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:

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