Seven dirty words
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The seven dirty words are seven English words comedian George Carlin listed in his monologue "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television", released in 1972 on his album Class Clown. At the time, the words were generally considered highly inappropriate and unsuitable for use on the public airwaves in the United States, particularly on over-the-air television and AM/FM radio stations. Current practice is to allow the statement to stand but bleep censor the actual word. On his next album, 1973's Occupation: Foole, Carlin did a similar routine simply entitled "Filthy Words," dealing with the same list and many of the same themes. This version was broadcast by Pacifica radio station WBAI, which eventually led to a Supreme Court case, FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978), that helped define acceptable free speech limits on broadcast television and radio in the United States.
HistoryIn 1973, comedian George Carlin recorded a monologue known as "Filthy Words" containing seven obscenities. The Pacifica radio station WBAI-FM broadcast it uncensored on October 30 of the same year. A man driving in the car with his son heard the broadcast and complained to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) because he was unhappy his son had heard it. Following the lodging of the complaint, the FCC proceeded to ask Pacifica for a response, then issued a declaratory order upholding the complaint. No specific sanctions were included in the order, but WBAI was put on notice that "in the event subsequent complaints are received, the Commission will then decide whether it should utilize any of the available sanctions it has been granted by Congress." Pacifica appealed against this decision, which was overturned by the Court of Appeals. The FCC in turn appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the FCC, see: FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 438 U.S. 726 (1978) and First Amendment Library entry on the case. This decision formally established indecency regulation in American broadcasting. In follow-up rulings, the Supreme Court clarified that the words might be acceptable under certain circumstances, particularly at times when children would not be expected to be in the audience.[1][2] The list consists of: As well as three "auxiliary" words: In 1972, Carlin was arrested for indecency when he performed the "Seven Dirty Words" at a show in Wisconsin. In his comedy special Again!, Carlin commented that at one point, a man asked him to remove "motherfucker," since as a derivative of "fuck," it constituted a duplication.[3] He has since added it back, claiming the bit's rhythm doesn't work without it.[3] In 1983's Carlin at Carnegie comedy special, Carlin expanded the list even further, reading a newly compiled list of over 200 dirty words from an oversized scroll. Those words on Carlin's original list that are not directly related to sexual intercourse or gender have since been used to some degree on broadcast television in the United States. The word "tits" was uttered on the first episode of The Trials of Rosie O'Neill in 1990, sparking some controversy. The word "piss" (usually used in the context of the phrase "pissed off") has been commonplace since the 1980s. The word "shit" has been heard on rare occasions, such as an episode of Chicago Hope, the season eight episode of ER in which Dr. Mark Greene dies, and, perhaps most prominently, in the South Park episode "It Hits the Fan". Producers have often implied the word "fuck", although usually obscuring the word with a background sound effect. One of Carlin's later additions to the list, "fart," is also used frequently. "Turd" is regularly used both on Network and Cable TV, though in performance Carlin explained you can say it "but who wants to?". FCC regulations regarding obscenities on broadcast mediaDuring the court case over Carlin's monologue, the Supreme Court established in the Pacifica decision the safe harbor provision that grants broadcasters the right to broadcast indecent (but not obscene) material between the hours of 10 PM and 6 AM, when children are thought not to be awake. Thus, the FCC has mainly been concerned with indecent content shown or heard between 6 AM and 10 PM. The FCC has never maintained a specific list of words prohibited from the airways during this time period, but has maintained general guidelines regarding obscenities.[4] The seven dirty words had been assumed to be likely to elicit indecency related action by the FCC if uttered on a TV or radio broadcast, and thus the broadcast networks generally censor themselves with regard to the many of the seven dirty words. While most of the original seven dirty words are still viewed as inappropriate for broadcast television and radio (based on previous actions by the FCC), the words "tits" and "piss" are generally no longer deemed unacceptable for broadcast over public airwaves during restricted hours in the United States. The FCC has often looked at the context of the use of a word when judging whether it is objectionable. This has at times led to controversy, such as when a bureau of the FCC deemed the utterance of the word "fucking" (as an intensive) in January 2003 at the live Golden Globe Awards broadcast by Bono, the front man for the band U2, not indecent under its criteria since they said that under the context of its use, it was not intended to describe or depict sexual and excretory activities and organs.[5] The full FCC, however, later reversed the decision in early 2004, though a fine against Bono has not yet been levied. The differentiation between indecent and obscene material is a particularly difficult one, and a contentious First Amendment issue that has not fully been settled. Similarly, the level of offense (if any) generated by a profane word or phrase depends on region, context, and audience. In recent years, letter-writing campaigns engineered by American public interest groups have drawn attention to the issue of indecency in television. In some cases, thousands of complaints have been received by the FCC, particularly in situations in which children have been exposed to questionable material during restricted hours, at which time it is estimated children are watching. The FCC does not directly target the networks. Only the stations carrying a network's programming are licensed. Since most of the networks own some of the stations that carry their programming, these stations can be fined, as a way of indirectly fining the network. The seven dirty words and cable televisionThe FCC obscenity guidelines have never been applied to non-broadcast media such as cable television or satellite radio.[citation needed] It is widely held that the FCC's authorizing legislation (particularly the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996) does not enable the FCC to regulate content on subscription-based services, which include cable television, satellite television, and pay-per-view television. Whether the FCC or the Department of Justice could be empowered by Congress to restrict indecent content on cable television without such legislation violating the Constitution has never been settled by a court of law. Since cable television must be subscribed to in order to receive it legally, it has long been thought that ability of subscribers who object to the content being delivered to cancel their subscription creates an incentive for the cable operators to self-regulate. (Unlike broadcast television, cable television is not legally considered to be "pervasive," nor does it depend on a scarce, government-allocated electromagnetic spectrum; as such, neither of the arguments buttressing the case for broadcast regulation particularly apply to cable television.) However, as of 2005, some living in the United States have begun to call for FCC regulation of subscription-based television and radio. One argument for such regulation is that in more rural areas of the United States, it may be impossible to receive more than a bare minimum of broadcast television stations "over the air," and as such not having a cable or satellite subscription is tantamount to having no television at all for residents of these areas. This and other arguments have been made (among others) by Randy Short of the American Family Association. (See also 'The Connection', National Public Radio, 2005-04-12) Self-regulation by many basic cable networks is undertaken by Standards & Practices (S&P) departments which self-censor their programming due to the pressure put on them by advertisers – also meaning that any basic cable network willing to ignore such pressure could use any of the "seven dirty words." Some networks have already allowed the use of some of the words in shows such as Comedy Central's South Park episode "It Hits the Fan," during which shit is uttered 162 times in one half hour (a counter was provided at the bottom of the screen). The series also uses the words "tits," "turd," and "piss" on many occasions. Comedy Central also has established a "Secret Stash" timeslot after 1:00 AM ET on weekends, when it will air material such as the R-rated films South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) and Kevin Smith's Clerks. (1994), or performances by comedians, including Richard Pryor, Eddie Murphy, Chris Rock, Sarah Silverman, and Carlin himself, without censoring the language. However, despite their advertising that the broadcasts are "uncensored", images of nudity are blurred most of the time. (An exception was Rodney Carrington's 2007 Comedy Central special, which featured female frontal nudity unedited.) Pop-culture references
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