Trolleybus
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Categories: Incomplete lists | Types of buses | Trolleybuses | Trolleybus transport | Electric buses
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus powered by two overhead wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram (also called a streetcar) since trolleybuses use rubber tires (electrical insulators), rather than electrically conductive steel wheels on rail. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world. Background
The history of the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens ran his "Elektromote" in a Berlin suburb. This experimental demonstration continued until 13 June 1882, after which there was little progress in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the USA. The next development was when Lombard Gérin operated an experimental line at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 after four years of trials. Max Schiemann made the biggest step when on 10 July 1901 the world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus operated at Bielathal (near Dresden) in Germany. Schiemann built and operated the Bielathal system, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although the Bielathal system only operated until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, however, there were a few different methods of current collection. The Cedes-Stoll system, designed by Carl Stoll, operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna. The Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Filovia was demonstrated near Milan. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to operate passenger-carrying trolleybuses in the UK on 20 June 1911. Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 26 March 1972. The last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers was responsible for turning the "trackless tram" into the trolleybus. There were 50 trolleybus operations in the UK in total, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the short-lived Stockport operation used the Lloyd-Kölher system and Keighley used the Cedes-Stoll system. In the USA, some cities, led by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT—New York), subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, trams (in U.S. called streetcars, trolleys or light rail) and rapid transit subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from lightly-used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. Although the BMT in Brooklyn built only one trolleybus line, other cities, notably San Francisco, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, built larger systems and still maintain "all-four". If one includes cable cars as another mode, San Francisco could be called "all-five," as its cable cars provide general transportation as well as being a tourist attraction. A number of trolleybus lines in the United States came into existence when a tracked trolley/tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, United Kingdom, has now been changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs.[1] Current use in the United States
DesignAdvantages
Trolleybuses are particularly advantageous on hilly routes, as electric power is more effective than diesel power for climbing steep hills. Unlike combustion engines, electric motors draw their power from a central power plant and can be routinely overloaded for periods of several minutes without damage. San Francisco and Seattle, USA, both very hilly places, use trolleybuses for this reason. Given this acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses can easily outperform diesel powered buses on flat stretches as well. Trolleybuses' rubber tires have better adhesion than streetcars' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill climbing and braking ability. Unlike rail vehicles (where side tracks are not available), an out of service vehicle can be removed to the side of the roadway and its trolleys disconnected, allowing operational vehicles to pass. Additionally, because they are not tracked, trolleybuses can pull over to the curb as a diesel bus does, eliminating the need for boarding islands in the street. Philadelphia has used trolleybuses (known as trackless trolleys) and SEPTA has ordered a new fleet for three of its five routes so trackless trolley service can be restored in 2008. Like other electric vehicles, trolleybuses are often seen as more environmentally friendly than fossil fuel or hydrocarbon-based vehicles (gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc.), but the power is not "free", having instead to be produced at centralised power plants, with attendant transmission losses. On the other hand, centrally-produced power has the advantage of being more efficient, not bound to a specific fuel source and more amenable to pollution-control as a single-source supply than are individual vehicles with their own engines that exhaust noxious gases and particulates at street level. Moreover, some cities, like Calgary, Alberta, run their commuter light rail networks using wind energy[2], which is effectively emission-free once the turbines are built and installed. A further advantage of trolleybuses is that they can generate electric power from kinetic energy whilst braking, a process known as regenerative braking. Also, unlike buses or trams, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a diesel engine or wheels on rails. Such noise as there is tends to emanate from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter, and in the UK at least were often referred to as the "Silent Service". The quietness did have its disadvantages though, with quite a number of pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as "the Silent Death". Trolleybuses are specially favoured in locations where electricity is abundant and cheap. Examples of this are the extensive trolleybus systems in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Seattle, Washington, USA, both of which draw hydroelectric power from the Columbia River and other Pacific river systems. Seattle benefits doubly, with steep gradients near the Downtown waterfront and on Queen Anne, First, and Capitol Hills. Trolleybuses are used extensively in large European cities such as, Athens, Belgrade, Bratislava, Bucharest, Budapest, Lyon, Milan, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sofia, Sarajevo, Kiev, Belgrade, Napoli, Minsk as well as smaller ones, like Arnhem, Ghent, Plovdiv, Lausanne, Luzern, Zürich, Salzburg, Limoges, Nancy, Geneva, Presov, Cluj-Napoca, Iaşi, Bergen, Szeged, Gomel, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Mogilev, Brest (Belarus), Grodno, Bobruysk, Riga, Cagliari, Tallinn, Solingen, Vilnius, Yalta, Lublin and Gdynia. Cities, especially those built on hills, have chosen trolleybuses over diesel buses because the electric motor can produce much more torque than a diesel engine. Moreover, the electric motor can be temporarily "overpowered", that is, more than the normal power can be obtained for a short period of time, e.g. when climbing a steep hill. Also, realising the advantages of these zero-emission vehicles, some other European cities have started to expand their systems again. Other cities such as Lecce will introduce new trolleybus systems. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, the trolleybus system has survived because of the situation at Harvard Station, which holds an underground tunnel that was once used for streetcars. Despite a willingness to use buses, the tunnel at the time required left-side doors, and had fume concerns. Now, buses do run in the tunnel. However, the trolleybuses remain due to popular support. Some have suggested that the trolleybus will become obsolete in a future hydrogen economy. However, direct electric transmission, as used in trolleybuses, is far more efficient (by a factor of two or more) than conversion of energy into hydrogen, transportation and storage of the hydrogen and its conversion back into electricity by fuel cells. China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs without powerlines. This bus runs on power stored in large onboard supercapacitors, which are quickly recharged at bus stops. Prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. Disadvantages
Image:MuniNewFlyerArticulatedBus7053WithWiresDown.jpg
A Muni New Flyer articulated bus in San Francisco with its collector poles down.
With the introduction of hybrid designs the trolleybus is no longer tied to its overhead trolley wires. Re-routings, temporary or permanent, are not usually readily available outside of "downtown" areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. Dewirements sometimes occur, leaving the bus stranded without power, although these events are relatively rare on systems with well-maintained overhead wire, hangers, fittings and "contact shoes." Some systems, such as Muni in San Francisco, TransLink in Vancouver, as well as Beijing's trolleybus operator, have circumvented this problem by installing battery packs on their trolleybuses to allow them to drive short to considerably long distances away from the wires. Also Supercapacitors may be used to drive small distances without connections to the grid. Boston is using dual-mode buses on its new Silver Line that run on overhead electricity on a fixed right of way and then transition to city streets using diesel power. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whose five trolleybus lines (trackless trolley locally preferred) have been suspended for partial reconstruction, new trolleybuses on order will also have a means of operating for short distances off the overhead wires through the use of a small diesel engine. In Athens, Greece, which has an extensive trolleybus system, in 2003-2004 all trolleybuses were replaced with new vehicles that are equipped with a diesel engine that allows them to run off-line for a considerable distance. Limitations in the creation of power lines also limits the use of trolleybuses and further restrictions may also apply where when super-tall trucks need to use a route, preventing the installation of overhead lines. Nevertheless the installation is quicker and cheaper than a tramways system. Trolleybuses can pass one another in regular service, if two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided, or if the buses are battery-equipped. Trolleybuses were generally implemented only when they confer one of the advantages listed above, because of the high cost of their infrastructure compared to the diesel bus. With increasing diesel costs and particle and NOx problems in cities, trolleybuses may yet be seen as the best suited relief for medium sized cities. While at one time many cities operated this mode of transport, it is relatively uncommon today in North America, though it is still a common form of transport in many European, Russian, Brazilian and Chinese cities, generally occupying the niche between street railways (trams) and diesel-powered buses. Some trolleybus systems have been criticized for aesthetic reasons, with city residents complaining that the jumble of overhead wires was unsightly.[3]
Trolleybus wire switchTrolleybus wire switches (in some countries referred to as "frogs") are a standard piece of equipment in places where the line forks into two, or two lines join into one. The switch pictured here is a fully automatic one; the driver controls it by means of the application of power to the bus's motor. If the "straight through" option is desired, the driver coasts through the switch. All parts of the switch remain in position as the trolleybus goes under the switch. If the "turn" option is desired, the driver applies power while passing the switch. The switch detects the voltage drop in the wires caused by the power draw of the motor and activates an electromagnet to change the switch position. After a short period of time the electromagnet automatically turns off and the attached springs return the switch to the normal "straight through" configuration. Trolleybus makersThis list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
CurrentImage:ABunchOfMuniTrolleybusesAtPotreroDivisionInSanFrancisco.jpg
Muni's trolley coaches spanning 1977 to 2003. To the left is an ETI Skoda bus, which replace the Flyer inaccessible buses in the center. That bus is notable to San Franciscans as it is the only bus with carpeted seats.[5] To the right is an articulated New Flyer bus, which were the 1st of 60 articulated ETBs built by New Flyer and Muni's 1st articulated ETBs.
Defunct / no longer making trolleybuses
Trolleybuses in RussiaThe first trolley vehicle in Russia was built in Saint Petersburg in 1902 at Frese machinebuilding factory. It utilised a carriage-type current receiver like the early von Siemens prototypes. There was no attempt to organize passenger or cargo services at this time. The first operational trolleybus service was introduced in 1933 in Moscow. In Soviet cities with underground metropolitan railways, trolleybus systems were intended to replace tramcars. In reality such plans were partially performed in the 1950s rather than in the 1930s. The first Soviet-made passenger trolleybus LK-1 was named after Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich. It was a dangerous and unreliable vehicle, quickly replaced by more advanced YaTB vehicles. These cars, both passenger and cargo, were the mainstay of the Soviet trolley fleet before the Great Patriotic War (World War II). At this time new trolleybus systems were opened in Leningrad, Kiev (Ukraine) and a few other major Soviet cities. Image:ZiU-9 trolley nn.jpg
ZiU-9G trolleybus in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
It may appear strange that in the time of the Great Patriotic War, new trolleybus systems were opened in the USSR. The need for mass transit in cities away from the front was urgent, but construction of tram lines was too expensive and time-consuming. Buses were largely mobilized to the Red Army as staff and medical vehicles. The remains of the bus fleet quickly stalled due to fuel shortages. The trolleybuses proved a good solution. Some vehicles, wires and other equipment were evacuated from Moscow in 1941; these materials were used for erecting new lines and systems in other cities. In the front-line city of Leningrad, trolleybus service ceased operations in November 1941 and was not restored until the end of the war. City trams were relaunched in April 1942 and performed without interruption under siege conditions. This restored Soviet plans of mass transit development in the form of co-existence of subways, trams, and trolleys. The postwar period saw an explosion of development and expansion of trolleybus systems in the Soviet Union. Many cities and towns introduced passenger and cargo trolleybus services, sometimes interfering with tram operations. One of the most notable of these new trolleybus systems was the Crimean Trolleybus, currently the world's longest trolleybus line. Production at the time was limited to the monopoly Zavod imeni Uritskogo (ZiU, named after Moisei Uritsky). It produced thousands of MTB-82, ZiU-5, and ZiU-9 passenger trolleybuses for domestic purposes and for export. ZiU-5s and ZiU-9s were sold to Greece, Colombia, Argentina and eastern bloc countries. Three ZiU-9 cars were on loan in 1973 for testing purposes in Helsinki, Finland. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to insufficient funding for many municipal trolleybus systems, but they proved more resilient than municipal tram or bus operations. There is only one closed trolleybus system in Shakhty within the area of modern Russia (whose operations ceased in October 2007). The suspended trolleybus operations from October 2006 in Archangelsk were reactivated in December 2007. The trolleybus system in Grozny was completely destroyed in the First Chechen War. Reconstruction is in planning. There is also one system with uncertain futures, in Voronezh. In other cities the development of trolleybus passenger services continues. Two new systems were introduced in Moscow suburbs Khimki and Vidnoe in the second half of the 1990s. ZiU, now named Trolza, has lost its monopoly in producing trolley vehicles. Today a number of domestic factories offer trolleybuses for the Russian market. Use and preservationArgentinaTrolleybuses are currently in use in Mendoza, Rosario and Córdoba. AustraliaExamples are preserved in the Brisbane Tramway Museum and the Adelaide Electric Traction Museum. BelgiumThe only trolleybus service in the country is in Ghent, the capital of the province of East Flanders. Here, articulated trolleybuses operate line 3, which crosses the city from east to west, passing through the historic Korenmarkt and past St Bavo's cathedral. The system was originally built as a demonstrator to promote exports, which were subsequently, due to colonial ties, made to Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. After a period of closure due to roadworks in the early 21st century, Flemish public transport undertaking De Lijn announced in February 2008 that the system is to be closed. The intention is to replace the trolleybuses with hybrid diesel-electric buses, but there may be an interim period of operation by conventional diesel buses. In the long term De Lijn would like to see trams on the route. Reference: Tram 2000, March 2008. BrazilImage:São Paulo ACF Bril 3093.jpg
ACF Brill trolleybus, built in 1948, rides through the streets of São Paulo downtown, followed by a modern low floor from the suburban services, 25 January 2007.
In São Paulo, Brazil, two trolleybuses are preserved and exhibited at the SPTrans (São Paulo Transportation Authority) Museum Gaetano Ferrola. Another five trolleybuses built by CMTC and Villares between 1958 and 1965 are awaiting restoration in the SPTrans garage at Santa Rita. An original trolleybus built in the United States by ACF Brill in 1948 was restored in 1999 and currently can be seen riding in special celebrations, as occurred in the city's 453-year anniversary celebration on 25 January 2007. CanadaTrolleybuses are currently used in Edmonton and Vancouver. Edmonton's city government proposed retiring its aging fleet but public opinion was against it. As of 2008 Edmonton's Edmonton Transit System is testing a newer model on loan from Vancouver. Trolleybuses in Toronto and Hamilton (see Toronto Transit Commission), where they were referred to as "trolley coach", were used from 1947 until 1993, when they were replaced by buses. ChileValparaíso, one of the largest cities of Chile and with a historic quarter declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, has the only trolley-bus service still working in that country, managed by a private company, Trolebuses de Chile S.A. (formerly Empresa de Transportes Colectivos Eléctricos). The available routes have the 8- prefix on Valparaíso's new metropolitan mass transit system (By now, just route 801 and 802). The fleet is a mix of old German, American, Swiss, and Chinese machines, making an attractive appeal for tourism. The most famous machines are the oldest Pullman Standard machines still in service in the world. (They were declared national monuments and still can be found working in the streets). The company has faced fierce competition from other non-electric bus lines, and almost faced bankruptcy several times in the past; however, many Valparaíso inhabitants feel an emotional link to the service, and tend to vigorously defend the maintenance of this privately funded company. EstoniaTrolleybuses are currently in use in Tallinn. There are 8 lines. Old Skoda 14TR and 15TR are changed against Solaris Ganz T12 and T18. FrancePreserved examples are kept at the Musée des Transports (AMTUIR) in Colombes. GreeceTrolleybuses are in use in Athens. The entire fleet was replaced with new Van Hool trolleybuses from 2001 onward. The NetherlandsTrolleybuses are in use in Arnhem. New ZealandIn Foxton, preserved trolleybuses operate for the public on their own system; and in Wellington, Volvo B58 trolleybuses continue to operate as part of the city's public transport network. North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)Pyongyang boasts another trolleybus system in Asia; data is not available due to the closed nature of North Korea. Limited information reveal the buses are made up of imported and locally made vehicles. Imported buses are from Europe (and Eastern Europe) and copied versions from China. There are a few local manufacturers of trolleybuses. See Trams and Trolleybuses in North Korea PolandRomaniaThe trolleybus type "DAC 117 E" (1987) is preserved by TRANSIRA Association. See that: http://transira.ro/viewtopic.php?t=1459 Russian FederationRussian transport museums have a variety of historic trolleybuses made by local manufacturers. In Moscow vintage vehicles are only available to the public in transport-dedicated exhibitions and parades of old vehicles on various celebration days. In Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod museum cars also may be hired for city excursions and parties. SwedenIn Landskrona, a single trolleybus route connects the railway station and the wharf area. The system was installed in 2003 and consists of three trolleybuses. SwitzerlandIn Lausanne, the Association Retrobus preserves old trolleybuses (from 1932 to 1964) and enables them to circulate in town, especially on summer weekends. United KingdomThe world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft in England. Examples are also preserved at the East Anglia Transport Museum and the Black Country Living Museum in England. The Bradford Trolleybus Association is currently restoring a Bradford Trolleybus 758, the last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain, which is kept at Sandtoft. United States of AmericaThe Illinois Railway Museum maintains a historical collection of 16 trolleybuses from Chicago, Dayton, Cleveland, Des Moines, Vancouver, Toronto and Milwaukee. Several of the preserved coaches provide regularly scheduled operations for visitors over the museum's 4/10 mile demonstration line. There are also some trolleybuses at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine. Gallery
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