Tungusic languages

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Categories: Tungusic languages | Language families

Tungusic
Geographic distribution:	Mongolia, Siberia, Manchuria
Genetic classification:	Altaic Tungusic
Subdivisions:	Northern Southern Jurchen-Manchu

Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic and Mongolic language families. Many Tungusic languages are endangered, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain.

1 Classification
2 Common characteristics
3 Relationships with other languages
4 References
5 External links

Classification

Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. One classification which seems favoured over other alternatives is that the Tungusic languages can be divided into a northern branch and a southern branch, with the southern branch further subdivided into southeastern and southwestern groups.

Northern Tungusic

Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia

Following languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki

Southern Tungusic

Southeast Tungusic
- Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
- Akani
- Birar
- Kile
- Samagir
- Orok
- Ulch
- Oroch
- Udege

Southwest Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
- Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.
- Sibe - spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
- Jurchen - an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China.

Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language; in fact, the ethnonym "Manchu" did not come about until 1636 when Emperor Hong Taiji decreed that the term would replace "Jurchen") is the only Tungusic language with a literary form which dates back to at least the mid- to late-1100s; as such it is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic. The earliest extant text in Jurchen is the Da Jin deshengtuo songbei inscription (The Jin Victory Memorial Stele), which dates from the dading period (1161-1189).

Common characteristics

The Tungusic languages are of an agglutinative morphological type, and some of them have complex case systems and elaborate patterns of tense and aspect marking. They also exhibit a complex pattern of vowel harmony, based on the parameters of vowel rounding and vowel tenseness, also known as ATR.

Relationships with other languages

Tungusic has traditionally been linked with Turkic and Mongolic languages in the Altaic language family. Others have suggested that the Tungusic languages might be related (perhaps as a paraphyletic outgroup) to the Korean, Japonic, or Ainu languages as well.

References

Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989.
Miller, Roy Andrew. Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
Poppe, N.N. Vergleichende Grammatik der Altaischen Sprachen [A Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.
Tsintsius, V. I. Sravnitel'naya Fonetika Tunguso-Man'chzhurskikh Yazïkov [Comparative Phonetics of the Manchu-Tungus Languages]. Leningrad, 1949.

External links

v • d • e Altaic languages
Turkic languages · Mongolic languages · Tungusic languages · Japonic languages* · Korean language*
Notes: *Japonic and Korean are not generally recognized as belonging to the Altaic language family. See also Buyeo languages.