Wisconsin

State of Wisconsin Flag of Wisconsin Seal of Wisconsin Nickname(s): Badger State, America's Dairyland Motto(s): Forward Image:Map of USA WI.svg Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Largest metro area Greater Milwaukee Area  Ranked 23rd in the US  - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 310 miles (500 km)  - % water 17  - Latitude 42° 30′ N to 47° 05′ N  - Longitude 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W Population  Ranked 20th in the US  - Total 5,556,506  - Density 98.8/sq mi  38.13/km² (24th in the US)  - Median income  $47,220 (15th) Elevation    - Highest point Timms Hill[1] 1,951 ft  (595 m)  - Mean 1,050 ft  (320 m)  - Lowest point Lake Michigan[1] 579 ft  (176 m) Admission to Union  May 29, 1848 (30th) Governor Jim Doyle (D) Lieutenant Governor Barbara Lawton (D) U.S. Senators Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D) Congressional Delegation List Time zone Central: UTC-6/-5 Abbreviations WI Wis. US-WI Website www.wisconsin.gov

Wisconsin Portal

Wisconsin (IPA: /wɪˈskɑnsən/, local accent: [wɪˈskansən]) (French: Ouisconsin) is a state located near the center of the North American continent. It touches two of the five Great Lakes and is one of the fifty states that constitute the United States of America. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. Jim Doyle has been the Governor of Wisconsin since January 6, 2003.

Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous, with Yankees being among the first to arrive from New York and New England. They dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including Germans, mostly between 1850 and 1900, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian) and smaller groups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles and others; in the 20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee; and after end of the Vietnam War came a new influx of Hmongs.

Today, 42.6% of the population is of German ancestry, making Wisconsin one of the most German-American states in the United States. Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate its heritage. Such festivals are world renowned, and include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, Festa Italiana, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Irish Fest and many others.

History

Main article: History of Wisconsin

Name

It may have possibly come from an ancient Ojibwe word, Miskwasiniing, meaning "Red-stone place," which was probably the name given to the Wisconsin River, and was recorded as Ouisconsin by the French. The spelling was revised to its current form in 1845 by Wisconsin's territorial legislature.

The modern Ojibwe name, however, is Wiishkoonsing or Wazhashkoonsing, meaning "muskrat-lodge place" or "little muskrat place." Other theories are that the name comes from words meaning "Gathering of the Waters" or "Great Rock." Originally, Ouisconsin was applied to the Wisconsin River, and later to the area as a whole when Wisconsin became a territory.

Introduction to the West

In 1634, the French Jean Nicolet was the first European to explore Wisconsin. He founded Green Bay colony. The area was mainly colonized by German, Scandinavian and Swiss settlers. France transferred the territory to Britain in 1763. The United States acquired the Wisconsin territory after the Revolution in 1783 but it remained under British administration until the War of 1812.

Borders

Wisconsin, bordered by the states of Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan and Illinois, as well as Lakes Michigan and Superior, has been part of the United States' territory since the end of the American Revolution; the Wisconsin Territory (which included parts of other current states) was formed on July 3, 1836. Wisconsin ratified its constitution on March 13, 1848, and was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state.

Economy

Wisconsin's economy was originally based on farming (especially dairy), mining, and lumbering. In the 20th century, tourism became important, and many people living on former farms commuted to jobs elsewhere. Large-scale industrialization began in the late 19th century in the southeast of the state, with the city of Milwaukee as its major center. In recent decades, service industries, especially medicine and education, have become dominant. Wisconsin's landscape, largely shaped by the Wisconsin glaciation of the last Ice Age, makes the state popular for both tourism and many forms of outdoor recreation.

Geography

The state is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa and Minnesota to the west. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast. With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1.5 million acre (6,000 km²) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain possesses some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation.

Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest.

The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin has many lakes of varied size; in fact Wisconsin contains 11,188 square miles (28,977 km²) of water, more than all but three other states (Alaska, Michigan and Florida). The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's most beautiful tourist destinations, Door County. The area draws thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and ever-popular fish boils.

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include the following:

• Apostle Islands National Lakeshore along Lake Superior
• Ice Age National Scenic Trail
• North Country National Scenic Trail
• Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
• Nicolet National Forest.

Climate

The highest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, and was 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in Couderay, on both February 2 and 4, 1996, and was –55 °F (-48 °C).^[2]

Demographics

The state has always been ethnically heterogeneous. Large numbers of Germans arrived between 1850 and 1900, centering in Milwaukee, but also settling in many small cities and farm areas in the southeast. Norwegians settled in lumbering and farming areas in the northwest. Small colonies of Belgians, Swiss, Finns and other groups came to the state. Irish Catholic and Polish immigrants mostly came to the cities.^[3] African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2000, Wisconsin has a population of 5,363,675.

The five largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%)

Wisconsin, with many cultural remnants of its heavy German settlement, is known as perhaps the most "German-American" state in the Union. People of Scandinavian descent, especially Norwegians, are heavily concentrated in some western parts of the state. Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state. Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.

86% of Wisconsin's African American population lives in one of five cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Madison, Kenosha and Green Bay, while Milwaukee itself is home to nearly three-fourths of the state's African Americans. Milwaukee ranks in the top 10 major U.S. cities with the highest number of African Americans per capita. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African Americans.

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, La Crosse, Stevens Point, Madison, and Eau Claire.

6.4% of Wisconsin's population was reported as under 5, 25.5% under 18, and 13.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.6% of the population.

Religion

The largest denominations are Roman Catholic, Missouri Synod, Wisconsin Synod and ELCA Lutherans. The religious affiliations of the people of Wisconsin are shown in the list below:^[4]

• Christian – 85%
  • Protestant – 55% (Lutheran–23%, Methodist–7%, Baptist–5%, Presbyterian–2%, United Church of Christ–2%, Other Protestant or general Protestant–15%)
  • Roman Catholic – 29%
  • Other Christian – 1%
• Other religions – 1%
• Non-religious – 15%

Economy

According to the 2004 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wisconsin’s gross state product was $211.7 billion. The per capita personal income was $32,157 in 2004. Wisconsin's state budget is facing a $652.3 million shortfall.^[5]

The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. Although manufacturing accounts for a far greater part of the state's income than farming, Wisconsin is often perceived as a farming state. It produces more dairy products than any other state in the United States except California, and leads the nation in cheese production. Wisconsin ranks second behind California in overall production of milk and butter, and it ranks third in per-capita milk production, behind Idaho and Vermont.^[6] Based on poll results, Governor Jim Doyle chose for Wisconsin's 50 State Quarters design a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese.^[7] Wisconsin ranks first in the production of corn for silage, cranberries, ginseng, and snap beans for processing. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing.

Given Wisconsin's strong agricultural tradition, it is not surprising that a large part of the state's manufacturing sector deals with food processing. Some well known food brands produced in Wisconsin include Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and the home of Miller Brewing Company's world headquarters, the nation's second-largest brewer. Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst used to be cornerstone breweries within the city of Milwaukee. Today, Milwaukee's economy is more diverse with an emphasis on health care. In 2004, four of the city's ten largest employers (including the top two) were part of the health care industry.^[8]

The largest employers in Wisconsin in 2007 were: 1) Wal-Mart; 2) Menards; 3) Walgreens; 4) Kohl's; 5) Kohler; 6) Marshfield Clinic; 7) Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center; 8) Quad/Graphics; 9) Target Stores; and 10) Shopko.^[9]

Wisconsin is also home to several transportation equipment and machinery manufacturers. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company, Rockwell Automation, Johnson Controls, Briggs & Stratton, Miller Electric, Milwaukee Electric Tool Company, Bucyrus International, Super Steel Products Corp., Oshkosh Truck, and Harley-Davidson. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to the Bay of Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 mile (63 km) stretch.

The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy with key players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.

Tourism is also a major industry in Wisconsin — the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. This is largely attributed to the 90 attractions in the Wisconsin Dells family vacation destination area, which attracts nearly 3 million visitors per year. Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green and Circus World Museum in Baraboo also draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw national attention along with hundreds of thousands of visitors. Door County is a popular destination for boaters due to the large number of natural harbors, bays and ports on the Bay of Green Bay and Lake Michigan side of the peninsula that forms the county.

Wisconsin collects personal income tax based on four income-level brackets, which range from 4.6% to 6.75%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.^[10] The counties surrounding Milwaukee County have an additional 0.1% tax imposed upon them to fund the new baseball stadium, Miller Park, which was constructed around the turn of the century. Retailers who make sales subject to applicable county taxes must collect 5.6% tax on their retail sales.

The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Wisconsin's estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposes its own estate tax on certain large estates [2].

Law and government

The capital is Madison.

The Wisconsin State Capitol

State Executive Officers

• Governor: James Doyle, Jr. (D)
• Lieutenant Governor: Barbara Lawton (D)
• Attorney General: J.B. Van Hollen (R)
• Secretary of State: Douglas LaFollette (D)
• Treasurer: Dawn Marie Sass (D)
• State Superintendent of Public Instruction (Non-partisan Office): Elizabeth Burmaster

See also:

• Wisconsin Constitution
• Governors of Wisconsin
• Wisconsin State Legislature
  • Wisconsin State Senate
  • Wisconsin State Assembly
• Wisconsin Supreme Court
• U.S. Congressional Delegations from Wisconsin
  • List of U.S. Senators from Wisconsin

Politics

The Little White Schoolhouse of Ripon

During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican and pro-Union stronghold. Ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the Republican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of their own Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe McCarthy was a controversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, and Congressman David Obey.^[11]

In Wisconsin, pencils are used to mark the election ballots, and the public is not allowed to be present when the votes are tallied. However, in select communities, some voters are still allowed to use a proper marker. ^[12]

Much of the state's political history involved coalitions among different ethnic groups. The most famous controversy dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. This was fought out in the Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.

The cities of Wisconsin have been active in organizing themselves to provide for greater government transparency by increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet. Currently three out of the top five most populous cities in Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet based access of all public records directly from the cities’ databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, on their page, in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the Number 1 digital city by the Center for Digital Government in consecutive years. Nearly 18 percent of Wisconsin’s population has the ability to access their municipality’s information in this way.

Lawmakers in Wisconsin

1984 was the last election that Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate. However, both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising because it was a "swing" or pivot state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by only 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. Republicans have held Waukesha County). The City of Milwaukee itself heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th Congressional district has been a strong Democratic hold since 1969, and has re-elected Congressman David Obey with 62% of the vote. Rep. Obey chairs the powerful House Appropriations Committee.

• Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive movement; and on the other, Joe McCarthy, the controversial anti-Communist censured by the Senate during the 1950s.
• In the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as sewer socialism because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). It faded out in the late 1950s, largely due to the red scare and racial tensions.^[13] The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948–1960. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time due to his opposition to the First World War.
  • William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (1957–89) dominated the Democratic party for years; he was best known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending.
  • Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001.
  • Democrat Tammy Baldwin from Madison was the first, and is currently the only, openly lesbian U.S. Representative.^[14]
    • In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S. Representative.

    The 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the former Attorney General, Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide. Doyle became the first Democratic Governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate with three Republicans losing their seats and a pick-up of an open seat. The Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, but the Republicans retained a five vote majority in that house.

    Important municipalities

    

    

    Wisconsin counties

    Wisconsin's self-promotion as "America's Dairyland" sometimes leads to a mistaken impression that it is an exclusively rural state. However, Wisconsin contains cities and towns of all sizes. Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas and the Greater Milwaukee area is home to roughly one-third of the state's population.^[15] Milwaukee is slightly larger than Boston and is the beginning of a largely developed string of cities that stretches down the western edge of Lake Michigan into greater Chicago and also into northwestern Indiana. With over 602,000 residents Milwaukee proper is also the 22nd-largest city in the country.^[16] This string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis. Madison's dual identity as state capital and college town gives it a cultural richness unusual in a city its size. Madison is also a very fast-growing city, that has around 220,000 people. Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas in Wisconsin. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties.

    Cities in Wisconsin with population of 50,000 or more (as of the 2005 census estimate) include:

    • Milwaukee, population 602,782, largest city
    • Madison, population 221,551, state capital
    • Green Bay, population 101,203
    • Kenosha, population 95,240, part of the Chicago metropolitan area
    • Racine, population 85,855, part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area
    • Appleton, population 70,217
    • Waukesha, population 67,658 part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area
    • Oshkosh, population 63,485
    • Eau Claire, population 62,570
    • Janesville, population 61,962
    • West Allis, population 58,798, part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area
    • Sheboygan, population 51,017
    • La Crosse, population 50,280

    See also: List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population and Political subdivisions of Wisconsin

    Education

    Colleges and universities

    Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the turn of the century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea," which emphasized purpose for service to the people and epitomized progressive movements within colleges and universities at the time.^[17] Today, public education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, headquartered in Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System which coordinates with the University of Wisconsin. Notable private colleges and universities include Marquette University, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Beloit College, and Lawrence University, among others.

    See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin

    See also: List of high schools in Wisconsin

    See also: List of school districts in Wisconsin

    Sports

    Main article: Sports in Wisconsin

    Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: American football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and currently hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the self-given nickname "Titletown". The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 12 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II) and Super Bowl XXXI. The city fully supports their team, as evidenced by the 60,000 person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field, which is referred to as the "frozen tundra" and is considered by many football enthusiasts to be "hallowed ground." The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's major league baseball team, are based out of Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Before Miller Park was opened in the year 2001, the Brewers played their home games at County Stadium. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League Championship, marking their most successful season. The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971. The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton.)

    In addition to professional teams, Wisconsin is home to many successful college sports programs. The Wisconsin Badgers, teams based out of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, hold many NCAA division championship titles in their respective sports. This includes a historic dual-championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles. The Wisconsin football team has also seen much success after the hiring of Barry Alvarez as head coach. Alvarez lead the Badgers to three Rose Bowl victories, including back to back victories in the years 1999 and 2000. The Badgers football program, playing at Camp Randall Stadium, enjoys similar loyalty to the Packers; both teams are known to sell out their entire schedules far in advance.

    The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference are the state's other major collegiate program. They are known nationally for their Men's Basketball team which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in 1977. The team, led by Dwyane Wade, returned to the Final Four in 2003.

    Miscellaneous topics

    USS Wisconsin was named in honor of this state.

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    The Milwaukee Art Museum

    Known as "America's Dairyland," Wisconsin is also known for cheese. Citizens of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites, although a common nickname (sometimes used pejoratively) among non-residents is "Cheeseheads." This is due to the prevalence and quality of cheesemaking in the state, and for the novelty hats made of yellow foam in the shape of a triangular block of cheese. Cheese curds are an extremely popular treat, exported as gifts throughout the country. The state is also known for its alcohol production and consumption, and it is historically home to a large number of breweries and bars per capita. A lesser known, but still significant nickname for Wisconsin is "The Copper State," referring to the copper mines in the northwestern part of the state.

    Wisconsin is very popular for outdoor activities especially hunting and fishing. One of the most popular game animals is the Whitetail deer. In 2005, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources reported the population of Wisconsin's deer herd to be about 1.4-1.5 million. It is common for over 600,000 deer hunting licenses to be sold each year.^[18] Visitors to Wisconsin during the Thanksgiving holiday will see many hunters in rural areas wearing blaze orange gear for Wisconsin's gun-deer hunting season.

    Image:Taliesin600.jpg

    Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin

    The Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee is known for its unique architecture. The Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens cover over 200 acres (800,000 m²) of land on the far west side of the city. Madison is home to the Vilas Zoo which is free for all visitors, and the Olbrich Gardens conservatory, as well as the hub of cultural activity at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It is also known for Monona Terrace, a convention center that was designed by Taliesin Architect Anthony Puttnam, based loosely on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright, a world-renowned architect and Wisconsin native who was born in Richland Center.^[19] Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.

    Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.^[20]

    See also

    

    

    Map of Wisconsin, showing major cities, rivers, and roads
    • Badger Army Ammunition Plant
    • List of cities in Wisconsin
    • List of counties in Wisconsin
    • List of people from Wisconsin
    • List of power stations in Wisconsin
    • List of television shows set in Wisconsin
    • List of television stations in Wisconsin
    • List of towns in Wisconsin
    • List of villages in Wisconsin
    • List of Wisconsin Civil War Units
    • List of Wisconsin numbered highways
    • List of Wisconsin railroads
    • List of Wisconsin rivers
    • List of Wisconsin state parks
    • Scouting in Wisconsin
    • Wisconsin census statistical areas
    • Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
    • Wisconsin Local History Collection
    • Wisconsin State Patrol

    References

    1. ^ ^{a b} Elevations and Distances in the United States. U.S Geological Survey (29 April 2005). Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
    2. ^ Benedetti, Michael. Climate of Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin-Extension. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
    3. ^ Miller, Frank Hayden. "The Polanders in Wisconsin." Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.: Parkman Club, 1896); Online facsimile at: http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=1336; Visited on: 1/29/2008
    4. ^ Carroll, Brett E. (2000-12-28). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America, Routledge Atlases of American History. Routledge. ISBN 0415921376. 
    5. ^ Budget shortfall projected at $650 million, The Daily Cardinal
    6. ^ "2001 Milk Production" (PDF), Marketing Service Bulletin, United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. 
    7. ^ Walters, Steven. "Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. 
    8. ^ Schmid, John. "Out of steam: Decline of railroad sidetracked hopes of many", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2004-12-06. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
    9. ^ Wisconsin's Large Employer Search Results
    10. ^ County Sales Tax Distribution-2007. Wisconsin Department of Revenue (2007-03-06). Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
    11. ^ Conant, James K. (2006-03-01). "1", Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803215487. 
    12. ^ http://elections.state.wi.us/docview.asp?docid=872 Election Worker Manual, p11
    13. ^ Smith, Kevin D. (Spring 2003). "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee". Michigan Historical Review 29 (1): 71–95. 
    14. ^ Bull, Chris. "Take a seat - openly lesbian Representative Tammy Baldwin", The Advocate, LPI Media, 1999-02-16. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. 
    15. ^ Naylor. Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000 (PDF). State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
    16. ^ Davis, Chase; Rick Romell. "City drops out of top 20", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Journal Communications. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. 
    17. ^ Rudolph, Frederick (1990). The American College and University: A History.. The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London. 
    18. ^ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2005-11-12). "A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
    19. ^ Pure Contemporary interview with Anthony Puttnam
    20. ^ Sister-States and Cities. International Wisconsin (2006-03-20). Retrieved on 2007-03-16.

    
    

    Bibliography

    • Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics, 2006 (2005)
    • Richard Current, Wisconsin: A History (2001)
    • Larry Gara; A Short History of Wisconsin 1962
    • Holmes, Fred L. Wisconsin (5 vols., Chicago, 1946), detailed popular history and many biographies
    • Robert C. Nesbit, Wisconsin: A History (rev. ed. 1989)
    • Pearce, Neil. The Great Lakes States of America (1980)
    • Quaife, Milo M. Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634–1924 (4 vols., 1924), detailed popular history & biographies
    • Raney, William Francis. Wisconsin: A Story of Progress (1940)
    • Arthur H. Robinson and J. B. Culver, ed., The Atlas of Wisconsin (1974)
    • Richard Sisson ed. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006)
    • I. Vogeler, Wisconsin: A Geography (1986)
    • WPA, Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State 1941; detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history

    See additional books at History of Wisconsin

    External links

    Find more about Wisconsin on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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    • State of Wisconsin
    • Wisconsin state symbols
    • Wisconsin Department of Tourism
    • U.S. Census Bureau
    • Wisconsin Court System
    • Wisconsin State Legislature
    • Wisconsin Historical Society
    • The State of Wisconsin Collection from the UW Digital Collections Center
    • Wisconsin's Name: Where It Came From and What It Means
    • Wisconsin Historical Images
    • Wisconsin State Facts
    • Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy
    • Wisconsin Department of Revenue
    • Wisconsin Office of Rural Health
    • Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data
    • Misspronouncer, a pronunciation guide for everything Wisconsin.
    • short video takes of places in Wisconsin
    • Wisconsin travel guide from Wikitravel
    • Wisconsinology Blog

    
    

    	v • d • e State of Wisconsin Madison (capital)
    Topics	History | Governors | Sports | People | Geography | Demographics | Economy
    Regions	Central Wisconsin | Chicago metropolitan area | Chippewa Valley | Door Peninsula | Driftless Area | Eastern Ridges and Lowlands | Fox River Valley | Great River Road | Greater Milwaukee | Lake Superior Lowland | Northern Highland | Western Upland
    Largest cities	Appleton | Beloit | Eau Claire | Fond du Lac | Green Bay | Janesville | Kenosha | La Crosse | Madison | Manitowoc | Milwaukee | Oshkosh | Racine | Sheboygan | Stevens Point | Superior | Waukesha | Wausau | Wauwatosa | West Allis | West Bend
    Smaller Cities	Chippewa Falls | Marshfield | Menonomee Falls | Menomonie | Neenah | New Berlin | Sun Prairie | Watertown | Wisconsin Rapids
    Counties	Adams | Ashland | Barron | Bayfield | Brown | Buffalo | Burnett | Calumet | Chippewa | Clark | Columbia | Crawford | Dane | Dodge | Door | Douglas | Dunn | Eau Claire | Florence | Fond du Lac | Forest | Grant | Green | Green Lake | Iowa | Iron | Jackson | Jefferson | Juneau | Kenosha | Kewaunee | La Crosse | Lafayette | Langlade | Lincoln | Manitowoc | Marathon | Marinette | Marquette | Menominee | Milwaukee | Monroe | Oconto | Oneida | Outagamie | Ozaukee | Pepin | Pierce | Polk | Portage | Price | Racine | Richland | Rock | Rusk | Sauk | Sawyer | Shawano | Sheboygan | St. Croix | Taylor | Trempealeau | Vernon | Vilas | Walworth | Washburn | Washington | Waukesha | Waupaca | Waushara | Winnebago | Wood

    v • d • e US Midwest (as defined by the United States Census Bureau)
    East North Central: Ohio | Indiana | Michigan | Illinois | Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota | North Dakota | South Dakota | Nebraska | Iowa | Kansas | Missouri

    v • d • e Political divisions of the United States
    States	Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming
    Federal district	Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)
    Insular areas	American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · U.S. Virgin Islands
    Outlying islands	Bajo Nuevo Bank · Baker Island · Howland Island · Jarvis Island · Johnston Atoll · Kingman Reef · Midway Atoll · Navassa Island · Palmyra Atoll · Serranilla Bank · Wake Island

    Coordinates: 44.5° N 89.5° Waf:Wisconsin ang:Wisconsin ar:ويسكنسن az:Viskonsin bn:উইস্কন্‌সিন zh-min-nan:Wisconsin bs:Wisconsin br:Wisconsin (stad) bg:Уисконсин ca:Wisconsin cv:Висконсин cs:Wisconsin cy:Wisconsin da:Wisconsin de:Wisconsin et:Wisconsin es:Wisconsin eo:Viskonsino eu:Wisconsin fa:ویسکانسین fr:Wisconsin ga:Wisconsin gd:Wisconsin gl:Wisconsin ko:위스콘신 주 hy:Վիսկոնսին hi:विस्कांसिन hr:Wisconsin io:Wisconsin bpy:উইসকনসিন id:Wisconsin ik:Uisqonsin os:Висконсин is:Wisconsin it:Wisconsin he:ויסקונסין pam:Wisconsin ka:უისკონსინი kw:Wisconsin ht:Wiskonnsenn ku:Wisconsin lad:Wisconsin la:Visconsinia lv:Viskonsina lb:Wisconsin (Bundesstaat) lt:Viskonsinas hu:Wisconsin mk:Висконсин mr:विस्कॉन्सिन ms:Wisconsin nl:Wisconsin ja:ウィスコンシン州 no:Wisconsin nn:Wisconsin oc:Wisconsin uz:Viskonsin pms:Wisconsin nds:Wisconsin pl:Wisconsin pt:Wisconsin ro:Wisconsin (stat SUA) ru:Висконсин sq:Wisconsin simple:Wisconsin sk:Wisconsin sl:Wisconsin sr:Висконсин fi:Wisconsin sv:Wisconsin ta:விஸ்கொன்சின் th:มลรัฐวิสคอนซิน vi:Wisconsin tr:Wisconsin uk:Вісконсин ur:وسکونسن vo:Wisconsin yi:וויסקאנסין diq:Wisconsin bat-smg:Viskonsėns