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The 18th century lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini era numbering system.
Historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution,[1][2] while the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815[3] or even later.[4]
Events
- 1700-21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.
- 1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.[5]
- 1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
- 1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
- 1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.[6]
- 1720: The South Sea Bubble
- 1720-1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
- 1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
- 1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
- 1722-23: Russo-Persian War
- 1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
- 1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died.
- 1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
- 1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.[7]
- 1723-1730: The "Great Disaster" - an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
- 1725: The Fulani nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.[8]
- 1732-1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.[9]
- 1733-38: War of the Polish Succession.
- 1735-39: Russo-Turkish War.
- 1735-99: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
- 1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747.
- 1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
- 1738-1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.[10]
- 1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
- 1740-1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population.
- 1740-48: War of the Austrian Succession
- 1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands.
- 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.[11]
- 1781: Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.
- 1781-1785: Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848)
- 1783: Famine in Iceland caused by Laki (volcano) eruption.
- 1783: Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate.
- 1785-1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian invaders.[12]
- 1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution
- 1792-1815: The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars.
- 1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded.
- 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
- 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.[13]
- 1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
- 1794: Polish revolt
- 1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the US.
- 1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem.
- 1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu.[14]
- 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).[15]
Significant people
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician[16]
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
- Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
- Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
- Queen Anne, British monarch
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
- Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
- Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher[16]
- George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
- Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
- Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
- William Blake, English artist and poet
- François Boucher, French painter
- Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
- Robert Burns, Scottish poet
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
- Catherine the Great, Russian Tsaritsa
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
- Charles III of Spain, Spanish monarch
- Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
- James Cook, British navigator
- François Couperin, French composer
- Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
- Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
- Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
- Henry Fielding British novelist
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
- Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman
- Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch
- Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
- King George III, British monarch
- Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
- Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
- Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
- George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
- Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
- Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
- Eliza Haywood, English writer
- William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
- David Hume, Scottish philosopher
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
- Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
- Samuel Johnson, British writer and literary critic
- John Paul Jones, American naval commander
- Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
- Kangxi Emperor, China
- Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
- Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
- Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
- John Law, Scottish economist
- Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
- Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
- Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
- Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
- Louis XV of France, French monarch
- Louis XVI of France, French monarch
- James Madison, American statesman
- Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
- Maria Theresa of Austria, Austrian Empress
- Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
- Michikinikwa, Miami tribe chief and war leader
- Honoré Mirabeau French writer and politician
- Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, French thinker
- José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca, Spanish statesman
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
- Nadir Shah, Persian King
- Thomas Paine, British intellectual
- Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great), Russian Tsar
- Philip V of Spain, Spanish monarch
- Pius VI, Roman Pope
- François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
- Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese Prime Minister
- Chief Pontiac, Ottawa warrior
- Alexander Pope, British poet
- Qianlong Emperor, China
- Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Hungary and Transylvania, Revolutionary leader
- Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
- Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
- Sir Joshua Reynolds, British painter
- Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
- Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
- Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
- Friedrich Schiller, German writer
- John Small, English cricketer
- Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
- Laurence Sterne, British writer
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
- Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
- Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
- Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
- Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist
- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
- Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
- Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientist and explorer
- Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
- Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
- Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
- Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
- Robert Walpole, British Prime Minister
- George Washington, American general and first President of USA
- James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
- Antoine Watteau, French painter
- John Wesley, British churchman, founder of Methodism
- Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
- Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
- Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
- Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese printmaker and painter.
See Founding Fathers of the United States
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
-
References
- ^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482.
- ^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516.
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
- ^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511.
- ^ War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
- ^ The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707
- ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History
- ^ Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)
- ^ List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars
- ^ Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends
- ^ Saudi Arabia - The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam
- ^ Sufism in the Caucasus
- ^ Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793. EyeWitness to History. Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
- ^ Kamehameha I of Hawaii Biography
- ^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144.
- ^ a b Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. , "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210
Decades and years
af:18de eeu
als:18. Jahrhundert ar:قرن 18 an:Sieglo XVIII ast:Sieglu XVIII az:XVIII əsr zh-min-nan:18 sè-kí be:18 стагоддзе be-x-old:18 стагодзьдзе bs:18. vijek br:XVIIIvet kantved bg:18 век ca:Segle XVIII cv:XVIII ĕмĕр cs:18. století cy:18fed ganrif da:18. århundrede de:18. Jahrhundert et:18. sajand el:18ος αιώνας es:Siglo XVIII eo:18-a jarcento eu:XVIII. mendea fa:سده ۱۸ (میلادی) fo:18. øld fr:XVIIIe siècle fy:18e ieu ga:18ú haois gd:18mh Linn gl:Século XVIII ko:18세기 hy:18-րդ դար hr:18. stoljeće io:18ma yar-cento id:Abad ke-18 os:XVIII æнус is:18. öldin it:XVIII secolo he:המאה ה-18 jv:Abad kaping-18 ka:XVIII საუკუნე kk:18 ғ. kw:18ves kansblydhen ku:Sedsala 18'an la:Saeculum 18 lv:18. gadsimts lb:18. Joerhonnert lij:XVIII secolo lt:XVIII amžius li:Achtiende iew hu:18. század mk:18 век mi:Rautau 18 ms:Abad ke-18 nl:18e eeuw nds-nl:18e eeuw ja:18世紀 no:18. århundre nn:1700-talet nrm:XVIIIe s. nov:18esmi sekle oc:Sègle XVIII uz:XVIII asr nds:18. Johrhunnert pl:XVIII wiek pt:Século XVIII ksh:18. Joohunndot ro:Secolul al XVIII-lea ru:XVIII век sq:Shekulli XVIII scn:Sèculu XVIII simple:18th century sk:18. storočie sl:18. stoletje sr:18. век sh:18. vijek stq:18. Jierhunnert su:Abad ka-18 fi:1700-luku sv:1700-talet ta:18ம் நூற்றாண்டு tt:18. yöz th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 vi:Thế kỷ 18 tr:18. yüzyıl uk:18 століття vec:XVIII secoło fiu-vro:18. aastagasada wa:18inme sieke yi:18טער י"ה zh-yue:18世紀 bat-smg:XVIII omžios
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